Semester 1 Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments, Alexander Hamilton was in favor of this.
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Declaration of Independence
The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independent of the colonies from Great Britain
Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed American during the Revolutionary War. Was later replaced.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
Shay’s Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Constitution
A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society
The Great Compromise
agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation
Federalists
supporters of the constitution
supported strong national gov’t
Anti-Federalists
people who opposed the Constitution
supported stronger STATE gov’ts
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
People excluded- Slaves, Women, and Native Americans.
Examples-
Right to bear arms, freedom of speech, right to trial by jury, etc.
Thomas Jefferson
Founding Father of Declaration and const.
President at one point
Anti-Federalist, supported stronger state gov’ts
Supported keeping and revising the Articles of Confederation
Wanted list of rights and liberties included in new constitution to protect citizens from national gov’t
James Madison
“Father of the const.”
Federalists, supported strong national gov’t
Favored new constitution
Felt listing of individual rights in const. was unnecessary
The new gov’t would protect rights though separation of powers, checks & balances, etc.
Electoral College
a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.
George Washington
Founding Father of the constitution
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson was president and agreed to this. From France. Lewis & Clark explored. France was unable to defend land from Britain, so they offered America 828,000m of Louisiana territory for price of 15 million.
Sectionalism
Each area of the country promoting its own interests over those of the whole country. Affected N,S,W
Abolitionist
person who wanted to END slavery
Popular Sovereignty
Authority of state and gov. are sustained by consent of people.
Indian Removal Act 1830; “Trail of Tears
Forced displacements of 60k native Americans, known as “Indian removal.” Acquisition of Native American land east of Mississippi River.
Manifest Destiny
Belief that the U.S was ‘destined’ to expand West from Coast to Coast, and destined to expand US culture and democracy.
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay. Missouri is a slave state North of line free, South of line slavery is aloud.
Compromise of 1850/ Fugitive Slave Act
Henry Clay. California free state. Fugitive Slave Law is what the South got to keep balance. States that if slaves escape they will be returned.
Kansas- Nebraska Act, “Bleeding Kansas”
John Brown. Popular Sovereignty, voter fraud, bleeding Kansas. Kansas: pro-slavery, Free-Staters and abolitionists. Violence broke out between them and continued until Kansas entered the Union as a free state.
Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott, Justice Roger Taney. Dred Scott was a slave. He sued for his freedom because he as taken to a free state. Didn’t win because “Property cannot sue in court”
John Brown’s Raid
John Brown- abolitionist + 4 sons. They attacked homes of pro-slavery people, potta watomie. Goal was to take weapons and start a slave revolt in the area- captured and executed
North- see’s as a hero
South- see’s as a terrorist
The Underground Railroad
Levi Coffin. People helping those who run away.
Election of 1860
Stephen Douglas: Northern Democrat
John C. Beckridge: Southern Democrats
John Bell: Constitutional Union Party (keep union together, uphold constitution)
Abraham Lincoln: Republican Party, let South keep slaves but no more expansion. Issues- Expansion of slavery, protecting slavery where existed, Democratic party split over slavery issue. Abraham wins election. Because of this south slave states secede from the union, South Carolina being first.
Causes of Civil War
Sectionalism- differing opinions, focuses, and what they thought was important
States rights- state gov’t above national gov’t/ can a state leave the union?
Slavery and the expansion of slavery
The Confederacy/ The Union
Advantages- North (Union): Industrial base for war materials, Population, Railroad System, Food Production
South (Confederacy): Defending home soil, Motivation, Military leadership, Cotton.
Military Strat’s and Goals
North (Union): Blockade Southern Ports, Gain control of MS river to split confederacy in half, Capture Richmond (capital of confederation)
South (Confederacy): Fight defensive war, Capture Washington D.C, Cotton Diplomacy- foreign allies
Lincoln’s goals for the war
Preserve the Union, later goal- end slavery
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed slaves in those areas in rebellion against the U.S, did not affect border states.
Reconstruction
Period following Civil War in which the Confederate States are brought back into union.
Carpetbagger/ “The enemy”
Northerners (White or black) who came to South during Reconstruction to buy land Cheaply, run for political office, help freedmen etc.
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
Pardons for former Confederate leaders, treated Southern states leniently/ help the US move forward.
Andrew Johnson
Similar Plan after Lincoln’s death.
Large property owners must get a pardon from the president to vote or hold office
Ratification of 13th amendment by Southern states/ new state constitution, must abolish slavery.
Not concerned with protecting rights of former slaves.
Radical Republican’s
Majority party in congress, opposed President Johnson’s plan; led by Thaddeus Stevens
Congress believes Reconstitution is their job
Viewed South as “conquered territory”
Wanted to punish South, former confederate leaders, and slave owners
Freedman’s Bureau
US gov’t created to help the former slaves and poor whites of the South after the war- land distribution, food, clothing, hospitals, schools, rep. in courts.
Black Codes
Laws in southern states which limited the rights and activities of former slaves, created to keep blacks in a slave-like condition
Limited occupation, no land ownership, must have a job or could be arrested.
Ku Klux Klan
Created by southern states to destroy power of Republican party in South- keep former slaves “in their place” through intimidation and violence
13th Amendment
ended slavery in the U.S
14th Amendment
State can’t enforce law that deprives person of life, liberty, or property
15th Amendment
Guarantees voting rights regardless of race
George Custer- The Battle of Little Big Horn
(“Custer’s Last Stand”) US gov’t wants Sioux to return to reservations- sends military to force them. Custer and 250 men attack 2000+ Indians. Custer and all his men are killed
Battle of Wounded Knee
Sioux Indians in South Dakota were attacked after refusing to give up weapons; 300 unarmed Sioux killed; Last major confrontation between US military and Native Americans
Americanization- Indian Boarding Schools
Plan to have Native Americans give up beliefs and culture to become part of white society. Two: Education, Land Ownership
Boarding schools were built for Native American children to teach them how to live like white Americans.
Dawes Act
broke up most Indian reservations and gave individual Native American families 80-160 acres of land. Remainder of land given or sold to white settlers.
Sod Houses
“soddies”; Trees and wood were scarce on the plains; Homes were made by cutting pieces of sod from the ground and stacking them like bricks to build shelter.
Oklahoma Land Run
2 million acres claimed in these land ‘races’; “Sooner” State- persons who illegally went onto land ‘sooner’ than the starting gun
Homestead Act
US gov’t offered 160 acres of free land to heads of households; required to live on land 5 years, build houses, make improvements, etc.; Land would then belong to the settlers.
Urbanization
Growth in the number of people living in cities instead of rural areas
Immigration
the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
Nativism
Favoring those persons who are native born; opposition to immigration
Strength of these feelings will w/ the state of the economy and the immigrating group involved.
Social Darwinism
view of human society based on Charles Darwin’s scientific theory of natural selection- “survival of the fittest”
Settlement House
approach to social reform, was a method for serving the poor in urban areas by living among them and serving them directly.
Laissez Faire
“leave it alone”, economic policy of gov’t which stresses no interference in business.
Transcontinental Railroad
Connected eastern and western rail systems, immigrant labor- Chinese, Irish, Mexican, former slaves, civil war veterans
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Company
Bought out smaller oil refining companies; drove out competition.
Practiced Horizontal Integration
Created a monopoly “robber barons”
Philanthropist- uni. of Chicago, Rockefeller foundation, NY museum of art
Andrew Carnegie
“rags to riches” Scottish Immigrant- made first money working for railroads
Bought steel mills in Pennsylvania
Practiced Vertical Integration
Philanthropist- Carnegie foundation, libraries, Carnegie hall.
Vertical Integration
owning all steps of production in order to control quantity and costs
Horizontal Integration
merging companies to own all production of a product
Bessemer Process
Used to make iron stronger- creates STEEL
Steel production causes other industries to grow (RR machines, construction)
The Pullman Strike
workers on strike, reduced wages, company does NOT lower rent and prices. Strikes by RR workers shuts down rail systems across U.S. US gov’t sent in troops to end strikes. Shows gov’t sides w/business over labor, shows power of nationwide unions.
Homestead Mill Strike
steelworkers strike for shorter hours, higher wages, Carnegie’s manager hires ‘S cabs’ and calls in Pinkerton Agency ‘detectives’; national guard sent to reopen mill and establish order; union loses support after several months on strike
Haymarket Square Riot
Chicago; protest of McCormick reopen works employees; bomb blast kills policemen. 8 labor leaders tried and convicted w/ no evidence; public begins to view labor movement and unions as violent.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Outlawed any trust that “restrained trade and commerce among the states”; difficult to enforce, court decisions usually favored business.
Ellis Island
New York City- processed immigrants from Europe, lower socio-economic classes
Angel Island
San Francisco- Processed Chinese and other Asian immigrants
Problems Faced by Immigrants
Language barrier- many spoke no English Understanding a new culture Money- Most spent everything to get to U.S Place to live Finding a Job Prejudice and Discrimination
Chinese Exclusion Act
Banned Chinese Immigration for 10 years (later extended); Excluded Chinese in the US from becoming citizens
Problems for cities that came from economic growth
Sanitation and water- garbage left in streets in many areas
Fire and Police protection- not enough manpower or adequate equipment
Public transportation- more people crowding streets
Unsafe working conditions
Poorly built houses
Plessy v. Ferguson
a U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the rights of states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants.
Boss Tweed
Controlled the Democratic Party political machine in NYC; Tammany Hall (Democratic party headquarters)
Political Machine
organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city or state; selected candidates to run for office.
Progressivism
reform movement that sought to address the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution. “A progressive reformer” was a person who wanted to change things
Temperance
Social reform that promoted limiting or ending the use of alcohol
Recall
allows voters to remove an elected official from office
Muckraker
Journalists, writers, etc. who “raked up” and exposed the corruption and problems in society.
Prohibition
prohibiting the sale/use of alcohol
Referendum
allows citizens to vote on a proposed or existing law.
Suffrage
the right to vote
Initiative
The initiative is the right of an individual or group of voters to draw up a completely formulated bill
Goals of Progressive Movement
Protective Social Welfare- improving living conditions
Promoting moral improvement- get rid of alcohol
Creating economic reform- protecting businessman and consumers
Creating gov’t reform- women get right to vote
Fostering efficiency in the workplace- continue to produce
Upton Sinclair
Main Issues- working conditions in meat packing
Method of Change- investigative writer
Important Actions- went undercover to a meat packing factory and then wrote about his experiences-published; “the jungle”
Ida Tarbell
Main Issues- ending business corruptions
Methods of creation change- journalism/writer “muckraker”
Important Actions and Contributions- wrote “the history of standard oil” led to a court case where Rockefeller gets sued
Jane Addams
Main Issues- child labor, women’s rights, child care
Method of Change- created the “hull house” settlement
Important Actions- started the Hull house settlement to help immigrants learn English and get settled. She also helped women, children, and orphans
Ida B. Wells
Main Issues- civil rights discrimination
Method of Change- NACWE/ made associations, Anti-lynching writer
Important Actions- wrote article about 3 African American men who started a store and got killed for it because of their race, founding member of NAACP
Florence Kelly
Main Issues- Racial discrimination and child labor laws
Method of change- led compagine organizer
Important Actions- fought against sweat shops, minimum wage NAACP founder
Carry Nation
Main Issues- fought against alcohol
Method of Change- marched, raided bars
Important Actions- used an ax and broke down bars part of the WCTU
Jacob Riis
Main Issue- Housing, eduction, and poverty
Method of Change- writing/journalist photographer “muckraker”
Important Actions- helped set in motion photo journalism with political reform
Was police reporter - New York
“How the other half lives” book published
Carrie Chapman Catt
Main Issues- suffragist
Method of Change- national American suffrage women association
Important Actions- found women peace party devised the “winning plan”- 15th amendment
Women’s Christian Temperance Union- WCTU
promote abstinence from alcohol, which they protested with pray-ins at local taverns.
The Jungle
Upton Sinclair- went undercover to a meat packing factory and then wrote about his experiences-published; “the jungle”
Pure Food and Drug Act
Sets standards for labeling foods and medicines for consumer protection- leads to creation or the food and drug administration (FDA)
Muller v. Oregon
Gov’t can put limits on working hours for women in certain industries- opens door ti mire workplace restrictions in business owners- hours and wages.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
was one of the deadliest workplace catastrophes in U.S. history, claiming the lives of 146 workers, most of them women immigrants in their teens and twenties. The fire was so horrific it shocked the conscience of New Yorkers and others across the nation and, ultimately, led to changes in safety regulations and more diligent efforts to enforce them.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It’s overall purpose and objective is to safeguard the rights of minorities. The NAACP was founded following a continuation violent, crimes that were being committed against African Americans.
17th Amendment
Changes the election of U.S senators in each state to a direct vote of the people
18th Amendment
Banned the production and sale of alcohol in the U.S- PROHIBITION
19th Amendment
Guarantees voting rights regardless of gender (women’s suffrage)
Secret Ballot
People vote privately without fear of coercion
Direct Primaries
Voters select a party’s candidates for public office.
Progressive Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Passed to limit and breakup the creation of trusts and monopolies- increase opportunity for competition, protect consumers from price gouging.
Theodore Roosevelt
Main Issues- efficiently using natural resources
Method of Change- expanded national parks and forests
Important Actions- proposed welfare state and supporting labor unions
Reasons for US Imperialism
Economic- raw materials; markets to sell products; trade with Asia
Military- naval bases; fueling stations
Ideological- Feeling of cultural superiority; Christianity, democracy, etc. Social Darwinism
Alaskan Purchase
purchased from Russia; “Seward’s Icebox:; wealth of natural reasources
Hawaiian Annexation
Important location in Pacific ocean between U.S and Asia
Yellow Journalism
Newspapers publish exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities in Cuba to increase circulation. (war fever fueled by journalists)
William Randolph Hearst is widely known for his rivalry with Joseph Pulitzer and his extreme yellow journalism.
US Land Gains After Sp./ American War
Puerto Rico- desired independence or statehood, but US kept at territory status; US appoints governor
Cuba- independent but, “Protectorate” State. (US partially controls affairs of Cuban gov’t)
The Philippines- annexed as a territory; rebels fight 3 years for independence but deafened; US appoints governor
Panama Canal
Construction pushed by pres. T. Roosevelt
Gained rights from French who have original contract w/ Colombia (control Panama)
Important for trades and military power- shortens trip from Atlantic to Pacific by 8,000 miles/ 67 days to 22 days.
Imperialism
building an empire; stronger nations gaining military, political, and economic power over weaker areas
Militarism
the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests
Neutrality
not taking sides in a conflict; practiced by US in early years of war
Nationalism
Feeling of great pride in your nation or group; working and making decisions for the good of the nation
Alliance
An alliance is the act or state of being in a mutually beneficial relationship to work toward a common goal
Stalemate
neither side is winning
Four MAIN causes of WWI
Militarism- “arms race” between countries
Alliances- two main alliance groups; Triple Entente (France, GB, Russia), Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria/ Hungary, Italy). (secret alliance between Italy & France)
Imperialism- competing for colonization and colonies in Africa & Asia
Nationalism- Belief that your country/ ethnic group is the best “pride”
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to throne of Austria- Hungary
Shot by Serbian Gavrilo Princip, member of “the black hand”
Austria declares war on Serbia
The “spark” which starts the war
Alliances take effect and war in Europe begins
Trench Warfare
land warfare using occupied fighting lines largely comprising military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy’s small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.
The Western Front
where the fighting is happening, western front ran from English channel through Belgium and France to the swiss border
Machine Guns
weapon responsible for many of the deaths and injuries in WWI
Artillery
More powerful and could fire a greater distance caused large number of deaths
Poison Gas
Chlorine Gas- caused choking and burning
Mustard Gas- burned exposed skin
Poison Gas- delivered by grenade into “no man’s land”
Tanks
armored vehicle, slow, gets stuck in ditches, weapon of intimidation
Communiation
radios and telephones were used but needed wires, pigeons were often used to get messages from the front lines of fighting back to command centers where their “homes” were
Flamethrowers
not often used because of extreme danger to operator, ignited gasoline on the enemy, gunshot to tank would cause explosion
Airplanes
used to see what the enemy is doing, seeing their position from overhead.
Zeppelins
Came before the ‘blimp’ but 10x the size
used for intimidation; dropped a bombs did not affect battles
Submarines
underwater naval craft used to sneak up on enemy ships and fire a torpedo
german submarines nicknamed “u-boats”
Reasons US Enters War
unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany
British passenger ship Lusitania sunk by German torpedo 128 Americans die
feelings for allies
propaganda of atrocities
Russia leaves war because of revolution at home
US concerned about FR. and GB paying back debts to US
Zimmerman Note (Telegram)
coded message sent from the German Foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico
intercepted and decoded by the the British and given to US
Germany will begin unrestricted submarine warfare again
Germany tries to make an alliance with Mexico to fight against the US if we enter the war (Mexico would get US land after water)
US declares war on Germany April 6, 1917
General John Pershing
“Black-Jack Pershing”; commander of the American Expeditionary Force
Chosen by Pres. Wilson
Angers other Allied commanders in Europe upon arrival wants to hold out US troops for 6-8 weeks for additional training in trench warfare; insists that troop fights as US army and not replacements in FR. and Br. armies
US troops make the difference in many battles on the Western Front and turn the tide of the war
Eddie Rickenbacker
“Ace of Aces”- most famous and successful American pilot in history
Alvin York
also known as Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated United States Army soldiers of World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, gathered 35 machine guns, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132 prisoners.
Influenza Epidemic
Affected Europe and the and the US Soldiers and civilians
President Woodrow Wilson
‘“The 14 Points”- Wilson’s plan for peace after the war
Freedom of the Seas
redraw boundaries to give ethnic groups in Europe Self-rule
proclaims neutrality in World War I As World War I erupts in Europe
Treaty of Versailles
“The Big 4”- leaders from Italy, the United States, Britain and France
France and GB want to “make Germany pay” (punish them) for the war
The Senate rejected the treaty for ratification, and the United States never joined the League of Nations.
League of Nations
Created by treaty as a group to help countries settle disputes peacefully before war begins
Urban Sprawl
New and improved forms of transportation allow people to live outside of the large cities and in smaller towns
Installment Plan
buying on credit
Americans could raise their standard of living to a level higher than their actual income.
Prohibition
the prevention of alcohol ordinary citizens began breaking laws to have alcohol 18th amendment Bootlegging Speakeasies Al Capone
Bootlegging
making, selling, or smuggling alcohol
Speakeasies
illegal bars and saloons
Flappers
Nickname given to the new, young women of the 1920’s
changes in actions and appearance
more independence
Began smoke. drinking, no corsets
Al Capone
Becomes the leader of organized crime in Chicago making millions on illegal alcohol production and sales
Fundamentalism
Belief in traditional values and actions based on the traditions and religious beliefs.
Red Scare
After WW1, Americans feared that communism and other radical beliefs would take over American democracy and capitalism
Mitchell Palmer Raids
Attorney General Palmer carried out raids and arrests at labor unions that had large number of Russian immigrants as members
Sacco and Vanzetti
Immigrants from Italy who were arrested for murder; tried, convicted, and executed with very little evidence; shows American’s anti-immigrant views
National Origins Act 1924
US gov’t begins a Quota System to limit immigrants from southern and eastern European countries and from Asian countries like China and Japan
Growth of the KKK
Membership grows in the Midwest; targets of groups are foreign born, racial minorities, and religious groups
Henry Ford
Mass production- Many workers making one item- use of assembly line- faster, efficient, produce more at cheaper cost
Control of Workforce- “Americanization” of workers- learn English, become citizens, live in diverse neighborhoods.
Paid workers well enough they could become “consumers” of ford products
Fords biggest model was The Model T
Changes to American Life by Automobile
Businesses grew as those they were connected to grew (auto industry)- petroleum, tire, roads, travel
Urban populations explode as industry grows
Changes for Women
The 19th Amendment
More independence- working, voting, out in society without guardians
Changes in appearance and action- raised hemlines, bare arms, no corsets, change in sexual attitudes, smoke & drink in public
“Flappers”
Harlem Renaissance
Named “Harlem Renaissance” because of the growth of African American culture and production of music, writing, and art by black artists.
In 1920’s in Harlem, New York City, saw a growth in African American population during the Great Migration
The Scopes Trial
Biology teacher John Scopes on trial for teaching the theory of evolution instead of Biblical creationism violating Tennessee law.
Nicknamed- “monkey trial”; highlighted the issues of religious fundamentalism versus modernism.
Importance of Radio
the radio allowed people to listen to new entertainment in 1920’s
The Great Migration
Many African Americans leave southern states and go to northern cities
Looking for war industries and better economic opportunity than sharecropping in the south (more jobs available during WW1)
Hoping for better social and cultural opportunities instead of discrimination and prejudice found in south.
Jazz Age
Part Harlem Renaissance
boom in black artists making music. Harlem became the favorite place for white New Yorkers at night to hear the best Jazz music
Louis Armstrong
Fireside Chats
Franklin D. Roosevelts radio broadcasts to explain the New Deal programs and keep up the morale of US citizens
Court Packing
Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to get Congress to increase the number of justices on court called “court packing” by opponents; move was defeated
Subsidy
a sum of money granted to a worker
Effects of Stock Market Crash (on citizens who didn’t buy stocks)
Banks had invested depositor’s money in stocks- the depositor’s savings were now GONE (many banks failed/closed)
Businesses invested in cash reserves in stocks- money now GONE. Employee wages reduced, employees laid off, or businesses close forever.
The Great Depression
Underlying Causes- overproduction in many industries, overproduction and over supply of farm products, availability of easy credit, tariff and war debt policies cut down on foreign trade for American goods.
Great Depression- Period of severely reduced economic activity in which millions of Americans were unemployed.
Herbert Hoover
President in 1930’s
The Government should stay out of the economy
The Depression will fix itself
“Encourages” state governments and business owners to put people to work, end layoffs, and stop wage cuts.
Encourages “volunteerism” to help those in trouble
Hoovervilles
Groups of shacks and homemade houses where the poor, homeless, and the out-of-work lived.
Hoboes
a homeless person
Bonus Army March
These men were WW1 veterans who traveled to Washington to et congress to pay the war service bonus that was due to them.
Congress and President say no
President sends the army in to disperse the veterans
Unemployment Changes from 1920s to 1930s
During the 1930’s, unemployment rises from 5% to 25% of the American Workforce.
The Dust Bowl
Time of severe drought and loss of topsoil in the plain states of the US; many farms fail; begins migration of farmers to California
Later this event causes US farmers to use better soil conservation techniques in farming; CCC plants areas of trees as windbreaks to protect soil
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Elected as president of US in 1932 “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”
FDR’s plan for bringing out of depression- The three R’s- RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM.
Banking Holiday- closed banks for several days for gov’t officials to examine records and then reopen if in good financial shape, to try to increase public confidence in banks.
The New Deal
FDR’S plan for bringing the US out of depression
RELIEF
RECOVERY
REFORM
Alphabet Soup
nickname given to FDR’s new deal programs because of their acronym names
Social Security
Federal program to give retirement payments to the elderly and disabled.
The Minimum Wage
Businesses encouraged to pay wages at a minimum rate to keep money flowing into the economy
21st Amendment
allows states to regulate or ban the sale or delivery of alcohol
Event that Pulled US out of Depression
World War II about marks the end of the Depression. During the war, about 12 million Americans were sent to military. War jobs seemingly took care of the 17 million unemployed in 1939.
WPA
Works Progress Admin- jobs program similar to PWA; gave work to many professionals including teachers, writers, artists, actors, musicians, etc.
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps- program to put young unemployed men ages 18-25 to work on outdoor and environmental projects; lived a military lifestyle; construction projects in national and state parks, planting rec. areas, etc.
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority- put citizens to work building dams and other construction projects in the Tenn. River Valley; provided hydroelectric power, flood control, increased trade and tourism.
FDIC
Federal Depositors Insurance Corp.- created by the Dodd-Frank Act; the Federal gov’t guaranteed or “insured” the deposits of citizens in member banks; created to increase public confidence in banks.
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Admin- paid farmers subsidies (money) not to plant some of their land; created a “plow under” program to decrease amount of surplus of farm products.
FERA
Federal Emergency Relief Admin- provided grant to states to help needy families- gave families cash to buy food, clothing, shelter, etc.; becomes known as “the dole”
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission- provided for increased gov’t regulation of the stock market practices and the buying and selling of stocks.
