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Biology > semester 1 exam > Flashcards

semester 1 exam Flashcards

1
Q

list all 11 organs of digestive system

A 
mouth
salivary glands
esophagus 
stomach 
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
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2
Q

what enzymes break down…
~lipids
~carbohydrates
~proteins

A

~lipase
~amylase
~trypsin & pepsin

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3
Q

where are the following broken down…
~lipids
~carbohydrates
~proteins

A

~small intestine
~mouth
~small intestine(trypsin) or stomach(pepsin)

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4
Q

what 3 factors effect the rate of enzyme activity

A

temp, concentration, and pH

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5
Q

list 3 enzymes and their substrates

A

lactase - lactose
sucrase - sucrose
ATP synthase - ATP

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6
Q

define and give an example of hydrolysis

A
  • water breaking

- digestion of polymers

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7
Q

define and give an example of dehydration synthesis

A
  • down H2O to make

- synthesis of polymers

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8
Q

types of carbs

A

mono, di, poly

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9
Q

roles of carbs

A

quick energy

energy storage

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10
Q

examples of carbs (3)

A

glucose, sucrose, starch

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11
Q

identification of carbs

A
  • benedicts (blue - red, orange, yellow, green)

- iodine (yellow - black)

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12
Q

types of lipids

A

steroids, phospholipids, fats

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13
Q

roles of lipids

A
  • insulation

- stored energy

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14
Q

examples of lipids

A

cholesterol, saturated fats, unsaturated fats

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15
Q

identification of lipids

A

brown paper

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16
Q

roles of proteins

A

protect, catalyst, movement

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17
Q

examples of proteins

A

WBC, enzyme, muscle

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18
Q

identification of proteins

A

biurets (blue - violet)

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19
Q

types of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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20
Q

roles of nucleic acids

A

energy, messenger, direct cell

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21
Q

examples of nucleic acids

A

ATP, RNA, DNA

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22
Q

identification of nucleic acids

A

none

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23
Q

list all 7 organs of urinary system an their functions

A

kidneys- remove liquids from blood
adrenal glands- produces adrenaline
ureters- joins kidney to bladder
urinary bladder- stores urine until released
urethra- neck of bladder; where urine leaves body from
renal artery (aorta)- artery leading to kidneys
renal vein (vena cava)- vein leading away from the kidneys

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24
Q

causes of…
~diabetes
~kidney malfunction
~UTI

A

~sugar in sugar
~excess protein, may have blood in urine
~cloudy urine with bacteria; painful urination

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25
Q 
explain the connections between the 
digestive system
enzymes
biochemistry
urinary system
A

the digestive system functions because of enzymes, or proteins. protein is a biomolecule like carbs lipids or nucleic acids. the urinary system functions to remove these biomolecules.

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26
Q

cell theory

A
  • scleiden and schwann
  • all things are made of cells
  • cells come from other cells
  • cells are the basic units of life
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27
Q

diffusion

A

general movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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28
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water

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29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion of molecules through a transport protein

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30
Q

active transport

A

HAS energy / L to H concentration

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31
Q

passive transport

A

NO energy / H to L concentration

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32
Q

endocytosis/exocytosis

A

into/out

exocytosis

  • pinocytosis
  • phagocytosis
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33
Q

concentration gradient

A

unequal distribution of solutes

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34
Q

what happens to a hypotonic solution in an animal cell

A

cytolysis

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35
Q

what happens to a hypotonic solution in a plant cell

A

turgor

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36
Q

what happens to an isotonic solution in an animal cell

A

stays equal

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37
Q

what happens to an isotonic solution in a plant cell

A

stays equal

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38
Q

what happens to a hypertonic solution in an animal cell

A

shrink

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39
Q

what happens to a hypertonic solution in a plant cell

A

plasmolysis

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40
Q

dendrites

A

recieve neurotransmitters from previous neuron

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41
Q

cellbody

A

most organelles are here

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42
Q

synapse

A

neurotransmitters diffuse to next neuron

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43
Q

nucleus

A

control center

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44
Q

axon

A

transmits electrical impulses down the neuron

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45
Q

schwann cell

A

division of myelin sheath

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46
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates axon

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47
Q

terminal buds

A

releases neurotransmitters using exocytosis

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48
Q

function of seratonin

A

mood and impulsivity

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49
Q

function of dopamine

A

pleasure

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50
Q

function of endorphins

A

pain relief

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51
Q

functions of epinephrine

A

alertness

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52
Q

explain the evidence used to support the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • chloroplast and mitochondria are membrane bound like a cell
  • chloroplast and mitochondria have their own DNA like cells
  • chloroplast and mitochondria are the same size as bacteria
  • one cell engulfed another and rather than die, it lived inside of it
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53
Q

list all 12 organelles

A 
nucleus
nucleolus 
ribosomes 
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus 
mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosome 
vacuole
plasma membrane 
cytoplasm
cell wall
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54
Q

platelets

A

assist in forming clots

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55
Q

WBC

A

defend body of infectious diseases

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56
Q

RBC

A

contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen

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57
Q

plasma

A

liquid component

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58
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

RBC are abnormally shaped

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59
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

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60
Q

hemophilia

A

insufficient platelets

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61
Q

leukemia

A

bone marrow makes unhealthy WBC

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62
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi

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63
Q

asthma

A

bronchial spasm

64
Q

emphysema

A

air sacs are destroyed

65
Q

laryngitis

A

swelling/irritation of voice box

66
Q

pneumonia

A

infection of lungs

67
Q

glycogen is best described as….

A

polysaccharides that are synthesized and stored within the human liver

67
Q 
which of the following is paired incorrectly 
A)carbohydrate:monosaccharide
B)protein:amino acids
C)nucleic acid:nucleotide
D)lipids:cellulose
A

D)lipids:cellulose

68
Q

a colon cancer patient has a large part of the colon removed in an operation. as a result the patient cannot…

A

produce solid feces

69
Q

compounds consisting of repeated links are known as _____

70
Q

a consequence of the cell membrane being composed of phospholipids is that they are…

A

hydrophilic at the head and hydrophobic at the tail

71
Q

match the organic groups with the elements they contain

lipids CHONP
nucleic acids CH2O
carbohydrates CHON
proteins CHO

A

lipids-CHO
nucleic acid-CHONP
carbohydrates-CH2O
proteins-CHON

72
Q

carbon containing compounds are classified as ______

73
Q

what term dosent belong

  • cellulose
  • macromolecule
  • polysaccharide
  • amino acid
A

amino acid

74
Q

part of the enzyme molecule into which the substrate fits is called the _______

A

active site

75
Q

at high temps the rate of enzyme reactions decreases bc the increase in heat….

A

changes the shape of the enzyme (denatures)

76
Q

identify the term that dosent belong

  • cellulose
  • macromolecule
  • polysaccharide
  • amino acid
A

amino acid

77
Q

what indicates an enzyme substrate complex

A

maltose-maltase

78
Q

joey had a surgery to remove his pancreas. what would most likely happen as a result

A

joey wouldnt be able to regulate his blood sugar

79
Q

identify the term that doesn’t belong

  • hydrolysis
  • waterbreaking
  • dehydration synthesis
  • digestion
A

dehydration synthesis

80
Q

which is present in maltase but not maltose

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
81
Q

what organelles are found in plant cells and bacterial cells

82
Q

proteins that act as catalysts are _______

83
Q

on the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules to identify the cell type. these molecules often are _______

A

carbohydrate chains

84
Q

what body part has the highest concentration of mitochondria

85
Q

which of the following sugars is a disaccharide

  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
  • sucrose
86
Q

how is the urinary system most likely to respond when an animal is hungry

A

retaining body fluids

87
Q

what type of transport is not involved in the transmission of an impulse in nuerons

89
Q

what organelles are only in prokaryotic cells

A

ribosome
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
cell wall

90
Q

what organelles are only in plant cells

A

chloroplast
vacuole
cell wall

91
Q

function of nucleus

A

control center

92
Q

function of nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

93
Q

function of ribosomes

A

makes proteins

94
Q

function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

roads in a cell

95
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

packages things made in a cell

96
Q

function of mitochondria

97
Q

function of chloroplast

A

makes glucose

98
Q

function of lysosome

A

digestive enzymes

99
Q

function of lysosomes

A

digestive enzymes

100
Q

function of vacuoles

A

stores h2o

101
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

regulates what goes in and out of the cell

102
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

glycolysis takes place here

103
Q

function of cell wall

A

protects and supports plant cells

104
Q

list 3 functions of ATP in an organism

A

sodium potassium pump
exocytosis
endocytosis

105
Q

what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

6H2O+6CO2–>C6H12O6+6O2

106
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

in the chloroplast

107
Q

function of a plants cuticle

A

prevents water loss

108
Q

function of a plant’s upper/lower epidermis

A

protects against damage

109
Q

function of a plants vascular bundle/vein

A

transports water & sugar

110
Q

function of a plant’s phloem

A

sugar/down

111
Q

function of a plant stomata

A

allows gases to enter leaf

112
Q

function of plants guard cells

A

open and close pores

113
Q

function of plants xylem

114
Q

function of plants spongy mesophyll

A

aids in gas diffusion

115
Q

function of plants palisade

A

main site of photosynthesis

116
Q

monocots vs dicots (stem)

A

monocot- scattered vascular bundle

dicot- vascular bundle in rings

117
Q

monocots vs dicots (roots)

A

monocot- fibrous root

dicot- tap root

118
Q

monocots vs dicots (leaves)

A

monocot- parallel vein

dicot- netted vein

119
Q

explain the connections between cellular respiration, photosynthesis, leaves, and roots/stems

A

CO2 is released from mitochondria from animal/plant cells -> photosynthesis takes place chloroplast of mesophyll of leaf -> sends sugar made to roots via stems, roots and stems absorb H2O for leaves

120
Q

flow of oxygen from mouth to the body cell and carbon dioxide from the cell back out of the mouth

A

mouth-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli-capillaries-pulmonary vein-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic semilunar valve-pulmonary artery-capillaries-alveoli-bronchioles-bronchi-trachea-larynx-pharynx-mouth

121
Q

robert hooke

A

named the cell

122
Q

anton van leewenhoek

A

inventor of 1st microscope

123
Q

schleiden and schwann

A

cell theory
(schleiden-plants
schwann-animals-schwann cell)

124
Q

which inventor came first?

hooke, van leewenhoek, scheiden/schwann

A

hooke (inventor of cells)

125
Q

what is the balanced equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6+6O2->6H2O+6CO2

126
Q

where does respiration take place

A

glycolysis(cytoplasm)
krebs cycle(matrix->mitochondria)
ETC(inner membrane->mitochondria)

127
Q

explain how photosynthesis and respiration are interdependent

A

the products of photosynthesis become the reactants of respiration; the products of respiration become the reactants of photosynthesis

128
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose is broke down into 2 pyruvic acid… pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon molecule. then the pyruvic acid moves into the mitochondria

129
Q

krebs cycle

A

pyretic acid enters and breaks down and 2 CO2 and 2 ATP molecules are released

130
Q

ETC

A

in the presence of oxygen, the ETC will produce 32 ATP molecules and water

131
Q

how many total ATP are produced in respiration

132
Q

differences between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation CELLS

A

lactic acid - multicellular

alcoholic - unicellular

133
Q

lactic acid fermentation formula

A

glucose->2 lactic acid+4 ATP

134
Q

alcoholic fermentation formula

A

glucose->2 alcohol+2CO2+4 ATP

135
Q

in alcoholic fermentation yeast is used to create ____ and bacteria is used to create ____

A

bread

wine

136
Q

explain the connections between the nervous system, heart, lungs, and cellular respiration

A

neurons undergo transport to release neurotransmitters. vagus nerve releases acetycholin to SA node. atria cntracts and pushes blood to ventricles bloods sent to lungs and body once AV node contracts. blood delivers CO2 to lungs and picks up O2. blood delivers O2 to the body cell for cellular respiration to ETC and picks up CO2 from krebs

137
Q

function/flow of xylem

A

xylem-dead cells-transport H2O-H2Ointo roots-stem-leaf-vascular bundle-transpiration

138
Q

function/flow of phloem

A

phloem-alive cells-transports sugar down-made in leaves-vascular bundle-stem-roots-root hairs

139
Q

compare transport in plants to transport in animals

A

plants-direction up or down

animals-closed system (heart, blood vessels, lungs)

140
Q

trace the transport of water into the leaf and out as water vapor

A

root hairs - root - stem - leaf - vascular bundle - mesophyll - stomata
(root-vascular bundle is xylem) (vascular bundle-mesophyll is osmosis) (root hairs increase surface area)

141
Q

function of roots

A

anchor plants, absorb minerals

142
Q

function of stems

A

transport H2O and sugar, extend height of plant

143
Q

function of leaves

A

photosynthesis

144
Q

2 examples of edible roots

A

carrots

radishes

145
Q

2 examples of edible stems

A

potatoes

celery

146
Q

2 examples of edible leaves

A

cabbage

spinach

147
Q

function of mouth

A
  • 1st site of mechanical digestion

- where chewing and tearing takes place

148
Q

function of salivary glands

A

releases saliva

149
Q

function of esophogus

A

a tubular passage to the stomach

150
Q

function of liver

A

produces bile and stores amino acid

151
Q

function of stomach

A
  • squeezes, sloshes, and mixes the food

- hydrochloric acid and pepsin

152
Q

function of gall bladder

A

biles stored here

153
Q

function of pancreas

A

adds trypsin and insulin

154
Q

function of small intestine

A
  • breaks proteins down

- emulsifies fat

155
Q

function of large intestine

A

where waters removed from waste and back into body

156
Q

rectum

A

last 4-6” of large intestine

157
Q

function of anus

A

where wastes are removed

Biology (9 decks)

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