semester 1 exam Flashcards
1
Q
list all 11 organs of digestive system
A
mouth salivary glands esophagus stomach liver gall bladder pancreas small intestine large intestine rectum anus
2
Q
what enzymes break down…
~lipids
~carbohydrates
~proteins
A
~lipase
~amylase
~trypsin & pepsin
3
Q
where are the following broken down…
~lipids
~carbohydrates
~proteins
A
~small intestine
~mouth
~small intestine(trypsin) or stomach(pepsin)
4
Q
what 3 factors effect the rate of enzyme activity
A
temp, concentration, and pH
5
Q
list 3 enzymes and their substrates
A
lactase - lactose
sucrase - sucrose
ATP synthase - ATP
6
Q
define and give an example of hydrolysis
A
- water breaking
- digestion of polymers
7
Q
define and give an example of dehydration synthesis
A
- down H2O to make
- synthesis of polymers
8
Q
types of carbs
A
mono, di, poly
9
Q
roles of carbs
A
quick energy
energy storage
10
Q
examples of carbs (3)
A
glucose, sucrose, starch
11
Q
identification of carbs
A
- benedicts (blue - red, orange, yellow, green)
- iodine (yellow - black)
12
Q
types of lipids
A
steroids, phospholipids, fats
13
Q
roles of lipids
A
- insulation
- stored energy
14
Q
examples of lipids
A
cholesterol, saturated fats, unsaturated fats
15
Q
identification of lipids
A
brown paper
16
Q
roles of proteins
A
protect, catalyst, movement
17
Q
examples of proteins
A
WBC, enzyme, muscle
18
Q
identification of proteins
A
biurets (blue - violet)
19
Q
types of nucleic acids
A
nucleotides
20
Q
roles of nucleic acids
A
energy, messenger, direct cell
21
Q
examples of nucleic acids
A
ATP, RNA, DNA
22
Q
identification of nucleic acids
A
none
23
Q
list all 7 organs of urinary system an their functions
A
kidneys- remove liquids from blood
adrenal glands- produces adrenaline
ureters- joins kidney to bladder
urinary bladder- stores urine until released
urethra- neck of bladder; where urine leaves body from
renal artery (aorta)- artery leading to kidneys
renal vein (vena cava)- vein leading away from the kidneys
24
Q
causes of…
~diabetes
~kidney malfunction
~UTI
A
~sugar in sugar
~excess protein, may have blood in urine
~cloudy urine with bacteria; painful urination
25
```
explain the connections between the
digestive system
enzymes
biochemistry
urinary system
```
the digestive system functions because of enzymes, or proteins. protein is a biomolecule like carbs lipids or nucleic acids. the urinary system functions to remove these biomolecules.
26
cell theory
- scleiden and schwann
- all things are made of cells
- cells come from other cells
- cells are the basic units of life
27
diffusion
general movement of molecules from high to low concentration
28
osmosis
diffusion of water
29
facilitated diffusion
diffusion of molecules through a transport protein
30
active transport
HAS energy / L to H concentration
31
passive transport
NO energy / H to L concentration
32
endocytosis/exocytosis
into/out
exocytosis
* pinocytosis
* phagocytosis
33
concentration gradient
unequal distribution of solutes
34
what happens to a hypotonic solution in an animal cell
cytolysis
35
what happens to a hypotonic solution in a plant cell
turgor
36
what happens to an isotonic solution in an animal cell
stays equal
37
what happens to an isotonic solution in a plant cell
stays equal
38
what happens to a hypertonic solution in an animal cell
shrink
39
what happens to a hypertonic solution in a plant cell
plasmolysis
40
dendrites
recieve neurotransmitters from previous neuron
41
cellbody
most organelles are here
42
synapse
neurotransmitters diffuse to next neuron
43
nucleus
control center
44
axon
transmits electrical impulses down the neuron
45
schwann cell
division of myelin sheath
46
myelin sheath
insulates axon
47
terminal buds
releases neurotransmitters using exocytosis
48
function of seratonin
mood and impulsivity
49
function of dopamine
pleasure
50
function of endorphins
pain relief
51
functions of epinephrine
alertness
52
explain the evidence used to support the endosymbiotic theory
- chloroplast and mitochondria are membrane bound like a cell
- chloroplast and mitochondria have their own DNA like cells
- chloroplast and mitochondria are the same size as bacteria
- one cell engulfed another and rather than die, it lived inside of it
53
list all 12 organelles
```
nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosome
vacuole
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
cell wall
```
54
platelets
assist in forming clots
55
WBC
defend body of infectious diseases
56
RBC
contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen
57
plasma
liquid component
58
sickle cell anemia
RBC are abnormally shaped
59
myocardial infarction
heart attack
60
hemophilia
insufficient platelets
61
leukemia
bone marrow makes unhealthy WBC
62
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi
63
asthma
bronchial spasm
64
emphysema
air sacs are destroyed
65
laryngitis
swelling/irritation of voice box
66
pneumonia
infection of lungs
67
glycogen is best described as....
polysaccharides that are synthesized and stored within the human liver
67
```
which of the following is paired incorrectly
A)carbohydrate:monosaccharide
B)protein:amino acids
C)nucleic acid:nucleotide
D)lipids:cellulose
```
D)lipids:cellulose
68
a colon cancer patient has a large part of the colon removed in an operation. as a result the patient cannot...
produce solid feces
69
compounds consisting of repeated links are known as _____
polymers
70
a consequence of the cell membrane being composed of phospholipids is that they are...
hydrophilic at the head and hydrophobic at the tail
71
match the organic groups with the elements they contain
lipids CHONP
nucleic acids CH2O
carbohydrates CHON
proteins CHO
lipids-CHO
nucleic acid-CHONP
carbohydrates-CH2O
proteins-CHON
72
carbon containing compounds are classified as ______
organic
73
what term dosent belong
- cellulose
- macromolecule
- polysaccharide
- amino acid
amino acid
74
part of the enzyme molecule into which the substrate fits is called the _______
active site
75
at high temps the rate of enzyme reactions decreases bc the increase in heat....
changes the shape of the enzyme (denatures)
76
identify the term that dosent belong
- cellulose
- macromolecule
- polysaccharide
- amino acid
amino acid
77
what indicates an enzyme substrate complex
maltose-maltase
78
joey had a surgery to remove his pancreas. what would most likely happen as a result
joey wouldnt be able to regulate his blood sugar
79
identify the term that doesn't belong
- hydrolysis
- waterbreaking
- dehydration synthesis
- digestion
dehydration synthesis
80
which is present in maltase but not maltose
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
nitrogen
81
what organelles are found in plant cells and bacterial cells
ribosomes
82
proteins that act as catalysts are _______
enzymes
83
on the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules to identify the cell type. these molecules often are _______
carbohydrate chains
84
what body part has the highest concentration of mitochondria
heart
85
which of the following sugars is a disaccharide
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
- sucrose
sucrose
86
how is the urinary system most likely to respond when an animal is hungry
retaining body fluids
87
what type of transport is not involved in the transmission of an impulse in nuerons
osmosis
89
what organelles are only in prokaryotic cells
ribosome
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
cell wall
90
what organelles are only in plant cells
chloroplast
vacuole
cell wall
91
function of nucleus
control center
92
function of nucleolus
makes ribosomes
93
function of ribosomes
makes proteins
94
function of endoplasmic reticulum
roads in a cell
95
function of golgi apparatus
packages things made in a cell
96
function of mitochondria
makes ATP
97
function of chloroplast
makes glucose
98
function of lysosome
digestive enzymes
99
function of lysosomes
digestive enzymes
100
function of vacuoles
stores h2o
101
function of plasma membrane
regulates what goes in and out of the cell
102
function of cytoplasm
glycolysis takes place here
103
function of cell wall
protects and supports plant cells
104
list 3 functions of ATP in an organism
sodium potassium pump
exocytosis
endocytosis
105
what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis
6H2O+6CO2-->C6H12O6+6O2
106
where does photosynthesis take place
in the chloroplast
107
function of a plants cuticle
prevents water loss
108
function of a plant's upper/lower epidermis
protects against damage
109
function of a plants vascular bundle/vein
transports water & sugar
110
function of a plant's phloem
sugar/down
111
function of a plant stomata
allows gases to enter leaf
112
function of plants guard cells
open and close pores
113
function of plants xylem
water/up
114
function of plants spongy mesophyll
aids in gas diffusion
115
function of plants palisade
main site of photosynthesis
116
monocots vs dicots (stem)
monocot- scattered vascular bundle
| dicot- vascular bundle in rings
117
monocots vs dicots (roots)
monocot- fibrous root
| dicot- tap root
118
monocots vs dicots (leaves)
monocot- parallel vein
| dicot- netted vein
119
explain the connections between cellular respiration, photosynthesis, leaves, and roots/stems
CO2 is released from mitochondria from animal/plant cells -> photosynthesis takes place chloroplast of mesophyll of leaf -> sends sugar made to roots via stems, roots and stems absorb H2O for leaves
120
flow of oxygen from mouth to the body cell and carbon dioxide from the cell back out of the mouth
mouth-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli-capillaries-pulmonary vein-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic semilunar valve-pulmonary artery-capillaries-alveoli-bronchioles-bronchi-trachea-larynx-pharynx-mouth
121
robert hooke
named the cell
122
anton van leewenhoek
inventor of 1st microscope
123
schleiden and schwann
cell theory
(schleiden-plants
schwann-animals-schwann cell)
124
which inventor came first?
| hooke, van leewenhoek, scheiden/schwann
hooke (inventor of cells)
125
what is the balanced equation for respiration
C6H12O6+6O2->6H2O+6CO2
126
where does respiration take place
glycolysis(cytoplasm)
krebs cycle(matrix->mitochondria)
ETC(inner membrane->mitochondria)
127
explain how photosynthesis and respiration are interdependent
the products of photosynthesis become the reactants of respiration; the products of respiration become the reactants of photosynthesis
128
glycolysis
glucose is broke down into 2 pyruvic acid... pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon molecule. then the pyruvic acid moves into the mitochondria
129
krebs cycle
pyretic acid enters and breaks down and 2 CO2 and 2 ATP molecules are released
130
ETC
in the presence of oxygen, the ETC will produce 32 ATP molecules and water
131
how many total ATP are produced in respiration
36
132
differences between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation CELLS
lactic acid - multicellular
| alcoholic - unicellular
133
lactic acid fermentation formula
glucose->2 lactic acid+4 ATP
134
alcoholic fermentation formula
glucose->2 alcohol+2CO2+4 ATP
135
in alcoholic fermentation yeast is used to create ____ and bacteria is used to create ____
bread
| wine
136
explain the connections between the nervous system, heart, lungs, and cellular respiration
neurons undergo transport to release neurotransmitters. vagus nerve releases acetycholin to SA node. atria cntracts and pushes blood to ventricles bloods sent to lungs and body once AV node contracts. blood delivers CO2 to lungs and picks up O2. blood delivers O2 to the body cell for cellular respiration to ETC and picks up CO2 from krebs
137
function/flow of xylem
xylem-dead cells-transport H2O-H2Ointo roots-stem-leaf-vascular bundle-transpiration
138
function/flow of phloem
phloem-alive cells-transports sugar down-made in leaves-vascular bundle-stem-roots-root hairs
139
compare transport in plants to transport in animals
plants-direction up or down
| animals-closed system (heart, blood vessels, lungs)
140
trace the transport of water into the leaf and out as water vapor
root hairs - root - stem - leaf - vascular bundle - mesophyll - stomata
(root-vascular bundle is xylem) (vascular bundle-mesophyll is osmosis) (root hairs increase surface area)
141
function of roots
anchor plants, absorb minerals
142
function of stems
transport H2O and sugar, extend height of plant
143
function of leaves
photosynthesis
144
2 examples of edible roots
carrots
| radishes
145
2 examples of edible stems
potatoes
| celery
146
2 examples of edible leaves
cabbage
| spinach
147
function of mouth
- 1st site of mechanical digestion
| - where chewing and tearing takes place
148
function of salivary glands
releases saliva
149
function of esophogus
a tubular passage to the stomach
150
function of liver
produces bile and stores amino acid
151
function of stomach
- squeezes, sloshes, and mixes the food
| - hydrochloric acid and pepsin
152
function of gall bladder
biles stored here
153
function of pancreas
adds trypsin and insulin
154
function of small intestine
- breaks proteins down
| - emulsifies fat
155
function of large intestine
where waters removed from waste and back into body
156
rectum
last 4-6" of large intestine
157
function of anus
where wastes are removed
