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Biology > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Controls which materials move in or out of the cell; protects the cell from outside infulences

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic information that controls all cellular functions; every cell, no matter what its shape or function, contains the same set of genes (or DNA)

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production; ribosome components are made here and then assembled in the cyoplasm

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Not organelles (no membrane); make proteins

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5
Q

Proteins

A

Sometimes structural; most proteins are enzymes, which are the tools for making everything in the cell; these tools need to be replaced regularly

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Extensive membrane system within the cell

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes that make proteins.

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8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Not studded with ribosomes. Makes cell membranes and lipids and detoxify foreign materials.

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9
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Warehouses of the cell. Products made elsewhere in the cell are stored, transformed, and shipped out to the plasma membrane from here.

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains harsh chemicals for breaking down food, recycling old cell materials, regulating waste materials, and pre-programmed cell death.

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11
Q

Microtubules and Microfilaments

A

Provide structure for cells, especially animal cells; make cilia

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12
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, hair-like structure that allows swimming movement of cell, especially for unicellular organisms

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13
Q

Cilia

A

Rows of smaller hair-like structures used for locomotion, especially in unicellular organisms

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14
Q

Vesicles

A

Small transport pods that move materials around a cell; surrounded by membrane

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15
Q

Vacuoles

A

Larger membrane-bound structures used for storage of cellular materials

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouses of the cell; responsible for most of the energy production from the digestion of food

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17
Q

Cell Wall

A

Made mostly of cellulose; provides shape and protection for the plant cell

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

A complex sugar in cell walls; structural carbohydrate

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19
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Used primarily for storage of water; this water is used for photosynthesis and for keeping the cell shape rigid

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20
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Movement of cellular materials around the huge central vacuole; necessary because the central vacuole prevents movement through the cell;s center

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll

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22
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Surrounds the cell, selectively letting in or out only certain materials via protein gates

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23
Q

Which increases faster: volume or surface area?

A

Volume

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24
Q

The size of a cell is usually determined by…

A

Its surface area. The SA determines the speed with which materials pass into or out of the cell.

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material between the outer plasma membrane and the inner nuclear membrane. Contains all of the fluid, membrane-bound organelles, and the other cellular components

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26
Q

Organelles

A

Working part of a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and does a particular job.

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27
Q

Light Microscopes…

A

Can view living cells, but do not have high magnification or definition

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28
Q

Electron Microscopes…

A

Have high magnification and definition, but the procedure kills the cells

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29
Q

Centrifugation

A

Used to study organelle function. Crushes large numbers of cells and spinning them at progressively higher speeds so that the densest organelle precipitates at the lowest speed and is poured and sped again until all the organelles have been separated from one another.

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30
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of small molecules through any membrane from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration

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31
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water. Water moves faster across membranes than ions because of this.

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32
Q

Protein Gates

A

Determine what large molecules may get into the cell

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33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Very large quantities of material moving into a cell; swallowing

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34
Q

Exocytosis

A

Very large quantities of material moving out of a cell; throwing up

35
Q

Eukaryote

A

Organism with a nucleus

36
Q

Prokaryote

A

Organism without a nucleus

37
Q

Cylosol

A

Liquid in cytoplasm

38
Q

Chromosomes

A

Provide instructions for making proteins

39
Q

Proteins

A

Two kinds: structural or enzymes

40
Q

Centriole

A

Used in cell division

41
Q

Phospholipids

A

Building blocks of membranes. Control the substances that enter and leave the cells; lipids

42
Q

Passive Transport

A

Free movement through protein gates from areas of high concentration to low concentration; doesn’t use energy

43
Q

Active Transport

A

It costs energy to move through protein gates

44
Q

Endosymbiont Hypothesis

A

Once individual beings, now part of of others

45
Q

Isotonic

A

Same amount of something dissolved in and outside the cell; plants want to be this

46
Q

Hypotonic

A

More stuff dissolved inside the cells than outside; cells lose water

47
Q

Hypertonic

A

More stuff dissolved outside the cells than inside; cells burst from too much water

48
Q

Pompe’s Disease

A

Problems with lysosome enzymes: don’t have the enzymes to break down glycogen

49
Q

Tay-sax Disease

A

Problems with lysosome enzymes: inability to break down lysosomes in brain

50
Q

Carobohydrates

A

Include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Store energy and provide shape to organisms

51
Q

Monosaccharides

A

“Single sugars”

52
Q

Disaccharides

A

“Double sugars”

53
Q

Sugars

A

Small, simple carbohydrates. Simple sugars are the easist for the body to break down.

54
Q

Polysaccharides

A

“Many sugars” Formed from monosaccharides and disaccharides linking together

55
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants used for storing energy.

56
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals used for storing energy; formed in the muscles and the liver

57
Q

Lipids

A

Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

58
Q

Fats and Oils

A

Used for long-term storage. Fats are also used for insulation

59
Q

Waxes

A

Repel water

60
Q

Steroids

A

Serve structural and control functions in the body.

61
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that is a component of membranes

62
Q

Proteins

A

More than half the body’s dry weight. Large, complex molecules made of 20 amino acids.

63
Q

Actin and Myosin

A

Proteins necessary for the contraction of muscle fibers

64
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in humans; forms bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

65
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells

66
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries oxygen through the bloodstreams

67
Q

Casein

A

Proteins that store amino acids in milk for use by some newborn animals

68
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that help animals fight off invasion by viruses and bacteria.

69
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Large, complex molecules that contain hereditary information and make proteins

70
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Carries instructions that control the activities of a cell

71
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Makes copies of DNA to make proteins

72
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical processes into simpler subtances

73
Q

Compound

A

A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions

74
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Contain carbon and generally associated with living things

75
Q

Most Common Elements in the Human Body

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

76
Q

Ions

A

An atom that has lost or gained electrons

77
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Radioactive isotopes act as tags or tracers that can be used to determine the age of something or can be used to preserve food or treat cancer

78
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

The attractions that hold two or more atoms together to form a compound

79
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

The chemical bond formed from the attractive force between ions with opposite charges. Electrons are lost by one ion and gained by another.

80
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Chemical bond where valence electrons are shared. Units formed are called molecules

81
Q

Single Covalent Bond

A

Covalent bond where two electrons are shared

82
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Covalent bond where four electrons are shared

83
Q

Triple Covalent Bond

A

Covalent bond where six electrons are shared.

84
Q

Polar Molecules

A

Covalent bond where atoms do not share electrons equally and sides of the atom become charged

Biology (10 decks)

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