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Biology > Cellular Growth and Reproduction > Flashcards

Cellular Growth and Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

The part of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divides

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2
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The part of the cell cycle during which the cell’s cytoplasm divides

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3
Q

Interphase

A

The part of the cell cycle during which the cell is actively growing and carrying out the chemical reactions it needs to stay alive as well as replicating DNA

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4
Q

Eukaryote

A

The type of cell that carries out the cell cycle

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5
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The cycle of growing and dividing the cell does throughout its lifetime

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6
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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7
Q

Stem Cell

A

Unspecialized cells that can become any specialized cell under the right conditions

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8
Q

Carcinogen

A

Substances known to cause cancer

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9
Q

The part of the cell cycle in which DNA is in the form of chromatin

A

Interphase

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10
Q

Centromere

A

These structures hold sister chromatids together

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11
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

These long thin fibers attach to sister chromatids and help pull them apart

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12
Q

Centrioles

A

These organelles can be found on either side of the cell and also help pull sister chromatids apart

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13
Q

Cells spend most of their time in this phase

A

Interphase

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14
Q

Why must cells divide when they get too large?

A
  • The communication cannot take place as efficiently within the cell
  • The cell cannot get enough nutrients
  • The cell cannot get nutrients in fast enough
  • The cell cannot get rid of waste fast enough
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15
Q

What re the benefits of mitosis?

A
  • Increases the number of cells which allows you to grow

- Allows you to heal injuries

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16
Q

The three main parts of the cell cycle in order are…

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

17
Q

The phase of cll division in which chromatin condenses into chromosomes

A

Prophase

18
Q

What can result from improper regulation of the cell cycle

A

Cancer

19
Q

What phase comes immediately after metaphase?

A

Anaphase

20
Q

What structures line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase?

A

Sister Chromatids

21
Q

What can be said about sister chromatids in the middle of the cell during metaphase?

A

They are identical to each other

22
Q

What is true about stem cells?

A

They begin as unspecialized cells, but under certain conditions, become specialized

23
Q

The key factor that limits the size of a cell

A

Ratio of surface area to volume

24
Q

The surface area of the cell is represented by its

A

Plasma membrane

25
Q

The volume of a cell is represented by

A

Cytoplasm and organelles found floating in it

26
Q

What are the alternatives a cell has when it reaches its size limit?

A

Stop growing, divide into two smaller cells

27
Q

When a tadpole metamorphoses into a frog, it loses its tail. What best describes the tail loss?

A

The tail is lost through apoptosis of the cells

28
Q

What events occur during prophase?

A
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Identical chromosomes find each other and form sister chromatids
  • Nuclear membrane begins to break down
  • Spindle fibers form
29
Q

What event occurs during metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

30
Q

What event occurs during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward centrioles

31
Q

What events occur during telophase?

A
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
  • Spindle fibers disappear
  • Chromosomes arrive at poles/centrioles of the cell
32
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?

A

Chromatin is loose, uncoiled form of DNA; chromosomes are the coiled, rod shaped form of DNA

33
Q

How do cancer cells destroy the normal, healthy cells around them?

A
  • Deprive cells of nutrients

- Deprive the cells of oxygen

34
Q

Cancer cells divide unrestrained because

A

Cancer cells spend much less time in interphase compared to normal cells, allowing cancer cells more time to divide

35
Q

This process could protect organisms from developing cancerous growths

A

Apoptosis

36
Q

Why are elderly people at a higher risk of cancer than 1st graders?

A
  • Have been exposed to more carcinogens throughout their lifetime
  • Mutations build up over time
  • Checkpoints fail
  • Abnormal cells turn into cancer cells when more than one mutation occurs
37
Q

What are similarities and differences between cytokinesis of plant and animal cells

A
  • Both divide cells
  • Animal cells: Cell membrane pinches in
  • Plants: A cell plate is formed
38
Q

How are cancer and the processes of apoptosis related?

A

Cancer is mutations of a cell that spend most of its lifetime in mitosis with no regulated growth. Apoptosis is “programmed cell death” in the case that mutations will cause harm to the body and is used to prevent cancer

Biology (10 decks)

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