SEMENALYSIS Flashcards
Abstinence of ___________________ in specimen collection for semen
2-7 days
Collect the ______________ ejaculate (if may kulang =____________________)
entire
Not accurate
What are the methods of collection for semen?
Masturbation
Coitus interruptus
Condom method
It is the best way for the collection of semen
masturbation
This method of collection is not reliable, it is also known as a withdrawal method where pre-cum may not be included.
Coitus interruptus
This method uses a non-lubricant containing rubber (polyurethane condom)
Condom method
The semen specimen should be delivered to the lab within ___________ at ________________
1hr
22-25 °C (room temp.)
Once the specimen arrived, take note of the?
Time of collection
Time received
Liquefaction time
The semen analysis should be done after __________ (usually _________)
Liquefaction
10-30 minutes
Specimen waiting semen analysis should be kept at _______
37°C
What are the reasons for semen analysis?
Fertility testing
Postvasectomy semen analysis
Forensic analysis
It is the most common reason for semen analysis
Fertility testing
This test is conducted 2 months after surgery, to check if there is recanalization
Postvasectomy semen analysis
This test is conducted to those allegedly raped cases
Forensic analysis
Composition of the semen:
_______ spermatozoa (_________)
________ seminal fluid (_________)
__________ prostate fluid (_______)
__________ bulbourethral gland (___________)
It is the site of spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules (testes)
These are the nurse cells in the seminiferous tubules
sertoli
This is the site of sperm maturation
epididymis
This propels sperm to the ejaculatory ducts
Vas deferens
Spermatogenesis and sperm maturation takes ______
90 days
This provides nutrients for sperm and fluid
Seminal vesicles
The secretion is rich in ____________ which helps in sperm motility
fructose
What produces acidic fluid that contains acid phosphatase, zinc, citric acid, and other enzymes?
Prostate gland
This is for coagulation and liquefaction
Prostate liquid
It secretes thick alkaline mucus which neutralizes acidity from the prostatic secretions and vagina
Bulbourethral gland
Makikita sa seminal fluid, and in an alleged rape victim
Acid phosphatase
Stages of sperm maturation:
- Spermatogium
- 1° spermatocyte
- 2° spermatocyte
- Spermatid
- Spermatozoon
Gray-white, translucent w/ musty bleach odor semen =
normal
Increased white turbidity in semen =
infection
Red/brown coloration in semen =
blood
Yellow coloration in semen =
Medication, increased abstinence, urine contamination
What is the normal volume of semen specimen?
2-5 mL
Increased in volume indicates?
Hyperspermia (increase in abstinence)
Decreased in semen volume indicates?
Hypospermia (incomplete collection, infertility)
What is the normal result for semen viscosity?
Pour in droplets
Abnormal result in semen viscosity?
> 2 cm long threads
Manner of reporting for semen viscosity:
0 =
4 =
May also be reported as ___________
Watery
Gel-like (complication, infertility)
Slow, normal, high
What is the normal pH for semen?
7.2-8.0 pH
Increased pH of the semen indicates
infection
Decreased pH in the semen indicates
Increase prostate fluid
The pH of the semen should be measured within _____ of ejaculation
1 hr
What is the sperm concentration normal value?
> 20 million sperms/mL
What are the methods in sperm concentration test?
Improved Neubauer Counting chamber
Markler Counting chamber
This method of sperm concentration test needs:
Dilution = 1:20
Diluents = immobilize the sperm
Improved Neubauer Counting chamber
Diluents used for improved Neubauer Counting chamber?
Formalin
Sodium bicarbonate
Saline
Distilled water
Cold tap water
This method for sperm concentration is not commonly used, it is for undiluted specimens which use heat to immobilize the sperm
Markler Counting chamber
Sperm concentration computation:
Depth =
Dilution =
Area of 1 WBC square =
Area of 1 RBC square =
0.1 mm
20
1 mm
0.04 mm
Sperm concentration unit?
mL
Normal value of the sperm count?
> 40 million sperms/ejaculate
Formula for the sperm count
Sperm concentration + specimen volume
Sperm count unit?
Sperms/ejaculate
Normal value for sperm motility
> 50% motile (within 1 hr)
How to check for sperm motility?
Place a drop of semen in the slide and add a coverslip, allowing it to settle for 1 min. Observe in 20 HPF
Grading/WHO criteria for sperm motility action:
4.0 =
3.0 =
2.0 =
1.0 =
0 =
A (rapid, straightline motility)
B (slower speed, some lateral movement)
C (slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement)
D (no forward progression)
E (no movement)
Alternative sperm motility grading:
- ______________ = sperm moving linearly or in a large circle
- _________________ = sperm moving w/ absence in progression
- _____________ = mo movement
Progressive motility (PM)
No progressive motility (NP)
Immotility
It determines sperm concentration, morphology, velocity, and trajectory
Computer-Assisted Semen analysis
Semen morphology normal value?
> 30% normal forms
Sperm morphology measure the head, neck, and tail using a ____________
Micrometer or morphometry
Sperm morphology:
Width =
Head =
Neck =
Length (tail + neck) =
3 um
5 um
7 um
45 um
The acrosomal cap is _____ of the head and ___ of the nucleus
1/2
2/3
It is the thickest part of the tail
neck
When preparing smears for sperm morphology, use _______
45° angle
Stains used for sperm morphology:
Papanicolaou’s stain
Wright’s stain
Giemsa stain
Shorr stain
Normal sperm head =
Abnormal =
Oval head
Poor ovum penetration
It contains the mitochondria
midpiece
Abnormal sperm tail =
Poor motility
Hardening of the veins that drains the testes. The most common cause of infertility, where the sperm head is tapered.
Varicocele
Sperm head morphology:
- Normal
- Double head
- Giant head
- Amorphous head
- Pin head
- Tapered head
- Constricted head
- Double tail
- Coiled tail
- spermatid
Method for sperm viability
Modified Blom’s test
Modified Blom’s test:
Reagents =
Living sperms =
Dead sperms =
Normal value =
Eosin and Nigrosin
Unstained
Red
> Or = 50% living sperms
______________ low concentration may be caused by lack of support medium produced in the seminal vesicles which can be indicated by fructose level that is low to absent in the semen
Sperm fluid fructose
Sperm fluid fructose is tested within _____________ or __________ to prevent fructolysis
2 hrs
frozen
Screening test for sperm fluid fructose
Resorcinol “Seliwanoff’s test”
Resorcinol “Seliwanoff’s test”
Positive reaction =
Dilution =
Orange-red color
1:1
Shortly after ejaculation, semen ___________ due to the action of clotting enzyme, formed in prostate, on a fibrinogen like precursor substance that is produced by the seminal vesicles
coagulates
When performing fertility tests, WHO recommended that _____ samples be collected not ____________ or ____________ apart, with ____________ considered significant
2 or 3 samples
<7 days
> 3 weeks
2 abnormal samples
Motile sperm can be detected for up to _______ after intercourse, whereas non-motile sperm can persist for _______
24 hrs
3 days
As the sperm die off, only the ________ remains and may be present for ________ after intercourse
Heads
7 days
10-15 WBC in sperm =
Bacteria ( cocci in chains) =
Calcium oxalate =
Normal
Anal sex
Contaminated w/ urine
