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AUBF > FECALYSIS > Flashcards

FECALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

feces is _______ water and _________ solid

A

75%
25%

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2
Q

feces is approximately ______________ of feces excreted in a 24-hour period

A

100-200 g

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3
Q

it contains bacteria, cellulose, undigested foodstuffs, GI secretions, bile pigment, cells from intestinal walls, electrolytes, and water.

A

feces

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4
Q

it is the examination of feces, and aids in diagnosing various gastrointestinal tract disorders

A

fecalysis

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5
Q

feces are collected in a __________ containers with ___________

A

plastic or glass with screw-tops

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6
Q

what is the fecal pigment?

A

stercobilin

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7
Q

what is the color of a normal stool?

A

brown

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8
Q

what is the color of a stool which indicates upper GI bleeding, iron, charcoal, and bismuth?

A

black, tarry stool (melena)

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9
Q

what is the color of a stool that indicates lower GI bleeding, beets, food coloring, and rifampin

A

red

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10
Q

this color of the stool indicates bile duct obstruction, barium sulfate

A

pale yellow, white, gray

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11
Q

this color indicates biliverdin, oral antibiotics, green vegetables in a stool

A

green

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12
Q

this color indicates biliverdin, oral antibiotics, green vegetables in a stool

A

green

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13
Q

the clinical significance of this stool is prussian blue, grape soda

A

blue

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14
Q

this color of stool indicates porphyria

A

violet/purple

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15
Q

this stool indicates bile duct obstruction, pancreatic disorders, and steatorrhea

A

bulky/frothy (whip cream-like)

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16
Q

the clinical significance of this stool is cystic fibrosis

A

butter-like

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17
Q

the clinical significance of this stool is colistis, dysentery. malignancy, constipation

A

mucus-streaked, blood-streaked

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18
Q

this stool indicates intestinal obstruction or constriction

A

slender, ribbon/noodle-like

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19
Q

stool appearance of cholera

A

rice watery

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20
Q

stool appearance of typhoid

A

pea soup

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21
Q

stool appearance of constipation

A

hard/scybalous (goat droppings)

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22
Q

bristole stool chart:

hard, separate pellet-like lumps that are difficult to pass

A

number 1, constipation

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23
Q

bristole stool chart:

lumpy, sausage-shaped stool

A

number 2, constipation

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24
Q

bristole stool chart:

sausage-shaped stool with cracks on the surfaces

A

3, healthy stool

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25
Q

bristole stool chart:

sausage-shaped stool but smooth and soft (snake-like). it is the most optimum

A

4, healthy stool

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26
Q

bristole stool chart:

blobs that are soft and pass easily

A

5, diarrhea

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27
Q

bristole stool chart:

mushy stool in the form of fluffy pieces with ragged edges

A

6, diarrhea

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28
Q

bristole stool chart:

entirely liquid, no solid pieces

A

7, diarrhea

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29
Q

it is an increased fats in stool (>6g/day). orange droplets in microscope

A

steatorrhea

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30
Q

this test is the microscopic examination of feces for fat globules (orange droplet)

A

screening test

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31
Q

what is the definitive test for steatorrhea?

A

fecal fat determination

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32
Q

what is the 2 qualitative fecal fat test?

A
  1. neutral fat stain (triglycerides)
  2. split fat stain (fatty acids)
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33
Q

this qualitative fecal fat test uses stool suspension + 95% ethanol + sudan III with a result of > or = 60 droplets/hpf that indicates steatorrhea.

A

neutral fat stain (triglycerides)

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34
Q

this qualitative fecal fat test uses emulsified stool + 36% acetic acid + sudan III with a result of:

normal: <100 droplets (<4 um)
slightly increased: <100 droplets (1-8 um)
increased: 100 droplets (6-75 um)

A

split fat stain (fatty acid)

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35
Q

it is the quantitative fecal fat test

A

Van de Kamer Titration

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36
Q

it is the gold standard for fecal fat determination which is used for definitive diagnosis of steatorrhea

A

Van de Kamer titration

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37
Q

this titration uses NAOH and the sample is collected within 3 days or 72 hours

A

van de kamer titration

38
Q

what is the normal value in van de kamer titration?

A

1-6 g fats/day

39
Q

what result in van de kamer shows the significance of steatorrhea?

A

> 6 g fats/day

40
Q

it is the abnormal secretion of muscle fibers in feces

A

creatorrhea

41
Q

it is the 1st stool of newborns

A

meconium

42
Q

it is the 1st stool of newborns

A

meconium

43
Q

it is the blood in stool

A

hematochezia

44
Q

how to determine creatorrhea?

A
  1. patient should include red meat in diet
  2. emulsified stool + 10% eosin = coverslip and stand for 3 minutes
  3. count the # of undigested fibers (HPF)
45
Q

this suggested completely digested muscle fibers

A

no striations

46
Q

this suggested completely digested muscle fibers, and should be ignored

A

no striations

47
Q

this suggests partially digested muscle fibers in stool, and should be ignored

A

striations in one direction

48
Q

this suggest undigested muscle fibers and needed to be counted then reported

A

striations in both direction

49
Q

clinical significance of an abnormal value of > 10 undigested muscle fibers

A

cystic fibrosis
biliary obstruction

50
Q

invasive condition in fecal leukocyte

A

> 3 neutrophils/HPF

51
Q

this indicates the presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Enteroinvasive E. coli, Campylobacter

A

diarrhea with WBC

52
Q

this indicates the presence of toxin producing (S. aureus, V. cholerae), viruses, parasites

A

diarrhea without WBC

53
Q

what is the wet preparation for fecal leukocyte?

A

stool + Loeffler’s methylene blue

54
Q

what is the dried preparation for feal leukocyte?

A

stool + wright’s or gram stain

55
Q

it uses lactoferrin for fecal leukocyte determination

A

lactoferrin latex agglutination test

56
Q

it is found in secondary granules of neutrophils which indicates + invasive bacterial pathogen

A

lactoferrin

57
Q

it is the most frequently performed fecal analysis

A

fecal occult blood test

58
Q

it is the most frequently performed fecal analysis

A

fecal occult blood test

59
Q

fecal occult blood test is the screening for

A

colorectal cancer

60
Q

what portion of specimen is used in FOBT

A

center portion

61
Q

what is the significant result in FOBT?

A

> 2.5 mL blood/150 g stool

62
Q

it is the principle in FOBT

A

pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin (Hgb)

63
Q

chromogens in FOBT

A

benzidine (most sensitive)
guaiac (most preferred)
o-toluidine

64
Q

what are the macroscopic consistency of stool?

A

formed
semi-formed
soft
watery

65
Q

avoid for 3 days (contains peroxidase):
red meat
melon
brocolli
cauliflower
horseradish
turnip

A

false positive interference

66
Q

avoid for 7 days (falsely suggests presence of intrinsic lesions):
aspirin = often causes erosion/gastric mucosa)
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent

A

false positive interferences

67
Q

avoid for 3 days (decreases sensitivity):
vitamin C (>250 mg/dL)
iron supplements containing vitamin C

*failure to wait specified time after sample is applied to add the developer reagent

A

false negative interferences

68
Q

bloody stools and vomitus are sometimes seen in neonates as a result of swallowing maternal blood during delivery

A

APT test (APT-Downey)

69
Q

APT Test pink solution

A

fetal blood

70
Q

APT Test yellow-brown supernatant

A

maternal blood

71
Q

it detects pancreatic enzyme called trypsin

A

X-ray Film test

72
Q

clearing of film in X-ray film test

A

+ trypsin

73
Q

no clearing in X-ray film tets

A
  • trypsin
74
Q

absence of trypsin in x-ray film test

A

cystic fibrosis (malabsorption)

75
Q

it is the most valuable in assessing cases if infant diarrhea

A

fecal carbohydrates

76
Q

determination tests in fecal carbohydrates

A
  1. clinitest
  2. fecal pH
77
Q

clinitest of >0.5 g/dL

A

carbohydrate intolerance

78
Q

normal stool ph

A

7.0-8.0 pH

79
Q

stool pH for CHO disorders

A

<5.5 pH

80
Q

sensitive indicator of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, immunoassay using an ELISA test

A

elastase-1

81
Q

this test differentiates malabsorption and maldigestion

A

d-xylose test

82
Q

specimen for d-xylose test

A

2-hr post prandial blood and 5-hr urine

83
Q

low urine d-xylose =

A

malabsorption

84
Q

normal urine d-xylose

A

maldigestion

85
Q

increase in daily stool weight (>200 g/day), liquidity of stools, and frequency of more than 3x per day

A

diarrhea

86
Q

acute diarrhea =

A

<4 wks

87
Q

chronic diarrhea =

A

> 4 wks (1 month)

88
Q

increased secretion of water and electrolytes.

caused by: bacterial, viral, protozoan infections, drugs, laxatives, hormones, endocrine disorders, neoplasms, collagen vascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease

A

secretory diarrhea

89
Q

most common in lactose intolerance.
retention of water and electrolytes.

caused by: maldigestion, malabsorption, disaccharidase deficiency (lactose intolerance), laxatives, antacids, amoebiasis, antibiotics

A

osmotic diarrhea

90
Q

enhanced (hypermotility) or slow (constipation) motility

caused by: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), rapid gastric emptying (RGE), dumping syndrome

A

altered motility

91
Q

parasite in watery stool =

A

tropozoite

92
Q

parasite in hard stool =

A

cyst

AUBF (5 decks)

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