Semantics and Pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

semantics

A

scientific study of the meaning of linguistic expressions, includes words, phrases, sentences

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2
Q

aspects of meaning

A
  1. grammatical vs lexical
  2. semasiology vs onomasiology
  3. sense vs. reference
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3
Q

grammatical semantics

A

grammatical meaning (function words, inflectional affixes, word order)

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4
Q

lexical semantics

A

lexical meaning (content words, derivational affixes)

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5
Q

semasiology

A

“What is the meaning of word X?”

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6
Q

onomasiology

A

“Which linguistic forms express meaning Y?”

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7
Q

sense (language internal)

A

descriptive meaning, independent of particular utterance or situational context

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8
Q

reference (language external)

A

relation between entities/referent in the extra-linguistic world and lexemes which refer to them

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9
Q

denotation

A

objective meaning of an expression

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10
Q

connotation

A

“secondary meanings” - culture-dependent

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11
Q

intention (language-internal)

A

set of semantic properties that define an expression

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12
Q

extension (language-external)

A

class of objects to which a linguistic expression is applied, i.e. potential referents

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13
Q

paradigmatic approach

A

words with similar meaning can be substitued

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14
Q

syntagmatic approach

A

‘the company the word keeps’
meaning of words -> which other words can co-occur

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15
Q

collocations

A

‘the company the word keeps’
e.g. blond hair, to fall ill

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16
Q

selection restrictions

A

in extreme cases, certain lexemes can only be combined with certain other lexemes

17
Q

principle of compositionality

A

the meaning of a phrase/sentence is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the syntactic relations between these parts

18
Q

semantic feature theory

A

describing semantic similarities and differences between members of a lexical fiels as a bundle of semantic features
boy = +human, -female, -adult

19
Q

lexical field theory

A

-group of words which cover different or partly overlapping areas within the same extralinguistic domain
-structuring the information stored in our mental lexicon
-infinite number of lexical fields

20
Q

hyponymy

A

‘type-of’ relationship
apple - fruit

21
Q

meronymy

A

part-whole relationship
hand - finger

22
Q

synonymy

A

same meaning
brave - courageous

23
Q

antonymy

A

semantic opposites

24
Q

types of antonymy

A
  1. complementary (male - female)
  2. gradable/contrary (hot - cold)
  3. relational opposites (teacher - pupil)
  4. directional opposites (open - shut)
25
polysemy
one lexeme, several historically/semantically related meanings (river mouth, mouth as a part of a body)
26
homonymy
two or more lexemes have the same form but unrelated meanings (race as speed, race as human categorization)
27
homophone
same sound, different spelling
28
homograph
same spelling, different sound
29
conceptual metonymy
1. producer for product ("Can I borrow your Shakespeare?") 2. pars pro toto ("There is a new face in my class.") 3. place for institution ("Berlin has announced an embargo.")
30
semantics
"What does X mean?"
31
pragmatics
"What does the speaker mean/want to achieve?"
32
deixis
deictic expression allow speakers to refer to aspects of immediate contexts
33
deictic dimensions
1. place deixis 2. time deixis 3. social deixis 4. discourse deixis
34
speech acts
1. locution - pure content 2. illocution - communicative intention of the speaker 3. perlocution - effect on the listener
35
classification of illocutionary act
1. representatives/assertives - describe the world (true/false) 2. directives - ask the listener to perform an action 3. commissives - commit the speaker to an action 4. expressives - express emotional states 5. declarations - directly change the state of affairs in the real world
36
maxims of conversation
1. quality 2. quantity 3. relation 4. manner