Morphology

Question 1

lexeme

Answer 1

dictionary entry; units abstracted from actual use (say)

Question 2

word-forms

Answer 2

realization of lexemes in actual use (saying, said, says)

Question 3

what is morphology

Answer 3

examines internal structures of words, concerned with the analysis and segmentation of words into their smallest meaningful parts

Question 4

inflectional morphology

Answer 4

formation of word forms, provide grammatical information mostly by affixation

Question 5

word formation

Answer 5

process of expanding the vocabulary of a language (creating new lexemes)

Question 6

morpheme

Answer 6

smallest meaning-bearing unit, basic morphological unit, arbitrary union of sound + meaning

Question 7

morph

Answer 7

realization of a morpheme

Question 8

allomorph

Answer 8

phonologically and morphologically conditioned member of a set of morphs

Question 9

morphological segmentation

Answer 9

separate units that carry meaning and segment words into such meaningful elements

Question 10

criteria of classifying morphemes

Answer 10

1. autonomy
2. function/meaning
3. position

Question 11

autonomy

Answer 11

free (by itself) and bound (must be attached to another morpheme)

Question 12

function/meaning

Answer 12

lexical (conveys lexical information) and grammatical (conveys grammatical information)

Question 13

position

Answer 13

1. prefix
2. suffix
3. circumfix
4. infix

Question 14

root

Answer 14

part of word-form which remains when all bound morphemes have been removed (speakers -> speaker -> speak)

Question 15

stem

Answer 15

part of word-form which remains when all bound grammatical morphemes have been removed (speaks -> speak)

Question 16

base

Answer 16

any form to which lexical affixed can be attached (speak -> speaker -> speakers)

Question 17

bound roots

Answer 17

display attributes of prototypical morphemes but condition that at least one free morpheme is contained in a “word” is not fulfilled (infer, confer, prefer)

Question 18

portmanteau morphs

Answer 18

e.g. 3rd person singular -s
carries multiple meanings:
1. third person
2. singular
3. present tense
4. indicative mood

Question 19

unique compounds

Answer 19

bound morphemes appearing only in particular words
e.g. cranberry, huckleberry

Question 20

neoclassical compounds

Answer 20

no free morpheme emerges from segmentation, but also no affix is found (neither word component is a typical morpheme)
e.g. biometry, biology, geography

Question 21

morphophonemics

Answer 21

systematic phonological realizations of morphemes and how they depend on their respective enviroment

Question 22

phonological conditioning

Answer 22

allomorph is predictable from phonological enviroment (plural, possesive marker, inflectional morphemes for verbs)
e.g. plural morpheme -s

Question 23

lexical conditioning

Answer 23

allomorphs are restricted to individual lexemes (completely unpredictable)
e.g. ox - oxen

Question 24

morphological conditioning

Answer 24

particular morpheme demands a special allomorph of another morpheme it combines with
e.g. explain -explanatory

Question 25

suppletion

Answer 25

no resemblance to the root of morpheme e.g. good - better

Question 26

productivity

Answer 26

extent to which speakers still actively use word-formation patterns to form new lexemes

Question 27

types of word formation

Answer 27

1. affixattion - prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix = derivation 2. conversion 3. compounding

Question 28

shortening

Answer 28

1. clipping (bike -> bicycle) 2. blending (smog = smoke + fog) 3. initialism - acronyms (pronounced like a - alphabetisms (pronounced letter by letter) 4. reanalysis - back-formation (taking away a real or presumed derivational suffix) - folk-etymology (form of a lexeme is reanalysed in a way so that the form seems more motivated by percieved meaning) 5. coinage - neologism (process of creating new words often used by companies for products) - eponym (proper name develops into a common noun/lexeme)

Question 29

morphological typology

Answer 29

synthetic strategies and analytic strategies

Question 30

language typology

Answer 30

synthetic type - inflectional and agglutinating analytic type - isolating

Question 31

grammatical categories

Answer 31

1. gender -masculine, feminine, neuter 2. case - common, possesive, object 3. number - singular, plural 4. person - 1st, 2nd, 3rd 5. tense - past, non past 6. aspect - progressive - non progressive, perfect - non perfect 7. mood - indicative, subjective 8. voice - active, passive

Question 32

interaction morphology - syntax

Answer 32

1. agreement/concord (two grammatical units which are related syntactically display the same grammatical category) 2. government (a word requires another word to show a certain grammatical category)