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Linguistics > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

lexeme

A

dictionary entry; units abstracted from actual use (say)

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2
Q

word-forms

A

realization of lexemes in actual use (saying, said, says)

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3
Q

what is morphology

A

examines internal structures of words, concerned with the analysis and segmentation of words into their smallest meaningful parts

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4
Q

inflectional morphology

A

formation of word forms, provide grammatical information mostly by affixation

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5
Q

word formation

A

process of expanding the vocabulary of a language (creating new lexemes)

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6
Q

morpheme

A

smallest meaning-bearing unit, basic morphological unit, arbitrary union of sound + meaning

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7
Q

morph

A

realization of a morpheme

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8
Q

allomorph

A

phonologically and morphologically conditioned member of a set of morphs

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9
Q

morphological segmentation

A

separate units that carry meaning and segment words into such meaningful elements

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10
Q

criteria of classifying morphemes

A
  1. autonomy
  2. function/meaning
  3. position
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11
Q

autonomy

A

free (by itself) and bound (must be attached to another morpheme)

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12
Q

function/meaning

A

lexical (conveys lexical information) and grammatical (conveys grammatical information)

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13
Q

position

A
  1. prefix
  2. suffix
  3. circumfix
  4. infix
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14
Q

root

A

part of word-form which remains when all bound morphemes have been removed (speakers -> speaker -> speak)

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15
Q

stem

A

part of word-form which remains when all bound grammatical morphemes have been removed (speaks -> speak)

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16
Q

base

A

any form to which lexical affixed can be attached (speak -> speaker -> speakers)

17
Q

bound roots

A

display attributes of prototypical morphemes but condition that at least one free morpheme is contained in a “word” is not fulfilled (infer, confer, prefer)

18
Q

portmanteau morphs

A

e.g. 3rd person singular -s
carries multiple meanings:
1. third person
2. singular
3. present tense
4. indicative mood

19
Q

unique compounds

A

bound morphemes appearing only in particular words
e.g. cranberry, huckleberry

20
Q

neoclassical compounds

A

no free morpheme emerges from segmentation, but also no affix is found (neither word component is a typical morpheme)
e.g. biometry, biology, geography

21
Q

morphophonemics

A

systematic phonological realizations of morphemes and how they depend on their respective enviroment

22
Q

phonological conditioning

A

allomorph is predictable from phonological enviroment (plural, possesive marker, inflectional morphemes for verbs)
e.g. plural morpheme -s

23
Q

lexical conditioning

A

allomorphs are restricted to individual lexemes (completely unpredictable)
e.g. ox - oxen

24
Q

morphological conditioning

A

particular morpheme demands a special allomorph of another morpheme it combines with
e.g. explain -explanatory

25
Q

suppletion

A

no resemblance to the root of morpheme
e.g. good - better

26
Q

productivity

A

extent to which speakers still actively use word-formation patterns to form new lexemes

27
Q

types of word formation

A
  1. affixattion
    - prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix = derivation
  2. conversion
  3. compounding
28
Q

shortening

A
  1. clipping (bike -> bicycle)
  2. blending (smog = smoke + fog)
  3. initialism
    - acronyms (pronounced like a
    - alphabetisms (pronounced letter by letter)
  4. reanalysis
    - back-formation (taking away a real or presumed derivational suffix)
    - folk-etymology (form of a lexeme is reanalysed in a way so that the form seems more motivated by percieved meaning)
  5. coinage
    - neologism (process of creating new words often used by companies for products)
    - eponym (proper name develops into a common noun/lexeme)
29
Q

morphological typology

A

synthetic strategies and analytic strategies

30
Q

language typology

A

synthetic type - inflectional and agglutinating
analytic type - isolating

31
Q

grammatical categories

A
  1. gender -masculine, feminine, neuter
  2. case - common, possesive, object
  3. number - singular, plural
  4. person - 1st, 2nd, 3rd
  5. tense - past, non past
  6. aspect - progressive - non progressive, perfect - non perfect
  7. mood - indicative, subjective
  8. voice - active, passive
32
Q

interaction morphology - syntax

A
  1. agreement/concord (two grammatical units which are related syntactically display the same grammatical category)
  2. government (a word requires another word to show a certain grammatical category)

Linguistics (7 decks)

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