Semantics Flashcards
Semantics
the sub field of linguistics that studies meaning in language
sense
a mental representation of an expressions meaning
reference
a symbolic presentation of elements of linguistic structure as, for, example a phrase structure tree or another presentation of linguistically relevant information for example the tags in corpus
mental image
a conception of words sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning
prototype
for any given set, member that exhibits the typical qualities of the member of that set
hyponymy
a meaning relationship between words, where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is said to be a hyponym of Y and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of x
synonymy
a meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same. for example couch and sofa are synonyms
antonomy
a meaning of words in which they mean the opposites in some sense
gradable antonyms
words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale. ( ALSO gradient pairs and as scalar antonyms)
truth value
either true or false. the reference of a sentence
entailment
a relationship between proposition where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true q has to be true as well
pure intersection
relationship between the reference of an adj and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all id the things that are in both the reference set of the adj and the reference set of the sounds
intersective adjectives
ad adj whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies
sister terms
words that, in terms of thier reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy i.e. have exactly the same hypernyms
subsective adjectives
adj whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to
non intersection adj
an adj whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to , but that does not , in and of itself , refer to any particular set of things
anti-intersection adjectives
an adj whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun it modifies
relative intersection
type of the relationship between adj and noun reference where the reference of the adj is determined relative to the noun reference
pure intersection
their relationship between the reference of an adj and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adj and the reference set of the noun
idioms
a muti word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional
compositional
predicable from meanings of words and their syntactic composition
converses
antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word
reverses
antonyms in which one words in the pair suggests movement that undoes the movement suggested by the other
incompatible
relationship between 2 prepositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously
hypernym
a meaning relationship between words, where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is said to be a hyponym of Y and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of x
preposition
the name of the lexical category and syntactic category that consists of expressions such as of in for with etc, syntactically, this category consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in an expression of category prepositional phrase
sense
a mental representation of an expressions meaning
reference
a component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of the some expression to entitles in the outside world. the collection of all the referents of an expression
mutual entailment
the relationship between 2 propositions where they entail one other
referents
an actual entity of an individual in the world to which some expression refers
