Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

Semnatics

A

study of meaning of words, phrases and sentences in language

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2
Q

Conceptual meaning

A

basic, essential meaning serving to convey information

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3
Q

Associative meaning

A

meaning evoked as a set of associations individually for each other; connection with things

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4
Q

Referential semantics

A

links words with real life objects

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5
Q

Lexical semantics

A

study of word meaning, describes sense relations between words intralingustically

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6
Q

Describe THE REFERENCE APPROACH.

A

when language is used to refer to something in the world. CONCEPT (a certain image of certain referents) refers to REFERENT (real-world object). REPRESENTATION ( a sign, like a word/a lexeme, linked to the concept because it vocalizes it and to the referent because it stands for it linguistically) symbolizes CONCEPT and stands for REFERNET.

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7
Q

Describe THE LEXICAL APPROACH.

A
  • ignores real-world objects and focuses on how words relate to each other in a lexical system
  • words don’t have isolated meanings, their senses are intertwined
  • describes internal lexical content of lexemes by various methods
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8
Q

Which methods are used to describe the internal lexical content of lexemes?

A

componential analysis, meaning postulates, prototype theories, semantic fields

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9
Q

Semantic features

A

a component of the concept associated with a lexical term fe. female + performer = actress; theoretical units of meaning-holding components which are used for representing word meaning even. if a sentence is dramatically correct, it could semantically incorrect.

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10
Q

Semantic roles

A

the underlying relationship that the participant has with the main verb

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11
Q

AGENT

A

the entity that performs the action

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12
Q

THEME

A

the entity involved in or affected by the action

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13
Q

INSTRUMENT

A

the medium by which the action is carried out

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14
Q

EXPERIENCER

A

the entity that experiences the action; the person who has feelings

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15
Q

LOCATION

A

shows where the entity is

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16
Q

SOURCE

A

indicates where the entity comes from

17
Q

GOAL

A

specifies where the entity moves to

18
Q

List out lexical relations.

A

synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, polysemy, homonym, homophone, homographs

19
Q

Synonyms

A

different words that share nearly the same meaning

20
Q

Antonyms & their categories

A

words in opposition
GRADABLE fe. easy - difficult
COMPLEMENTARY fe. dead - alive
REVERSIVES fe. up-down

21
Q

Hyponyms

A

a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it; include the meaning of a more general word fe. dog Is a hyponym for animal

22
Q

Polysemy

A

one word, many meanings

23
Q

Homonym

A

words that have the same form, but unrelated meanings

24
Q

Homophone

A

distinct lexemes with shared pronnoncuitaion fe. meet/meat

25
Homographs
indentical ortpgrpahic form, diffrent pronouncitation and menaing
26
Prototype
a set that has typical, central features in a category, best example of a given category
27
Peripheral features
their presence or absence doesn't imply many other characteristics
28
Metanymy
when one word is replaced by another that is related/connected to the first one fe. president/white house
29
Methapor
one thing is used to refer to another to show that they are similar
30
Simile
comparison of one thing to another to make the description more vivid
31
Dead metaphor
a metaphor used so frequently that it becomes a part of regular speech
32
Collocation
organization of words depending on how often they occur together fe. red wine