Semantics Flashcards
Semnatics
study of meaning of words, phrases and sentences in language
Conceptual meaning
basic, essential meaning serving to convey information
Associative meaning
meaning evoked as a set of associations individually for each other; connection with things
Referential semantics
links words with real life objects
Lexical semantics
study of word meaning, describes sense relations between words intralingustically
Describe THE REFERENCE APPROACH.
when language is used to refer to something in the world. CONCEPT (a certain image of certain referents) refers to REFERENT (real-world object). REPRESENTATION ( a sign, like a word/a lexeme, linked to the concept because it vocalizes it and to the referent because it stands for it linguistically) symbolizes CONCEPT and stands for REFERNET.
Describe THE LEXICAL APPROACH.
- ignores real-world objects and focuses on how words relate to each other in a lexical system
- words don’t have isolated meanings, their senses are intertwined
- describes internal lexical content of lexemes by various methods
Which methods are used to describe the internal lexical content of lexemes?
componential analysis, meaning postulates, prototype theories, semantic fields
Semantic features
a component of the concept associated with a lexical term fe. female + performer = actress; theoretical units of meaning-holding components which are used for representing word meaning even. if a sentence is dramatically correct, it could semantically incorrect.
Semantic roles
the underlying relationship that the participant has with the main verb
AGENT
the entity that performs the action
THEME
the entity involved in or affected by the action
INSTRUMENT
the medium by which the action is carried out
EXPERIENCER
the entity that experiences the action; the person who has feelings
LOCATION
shows where the entity is
SOURCE
indicates where the entity comes from
GOAL
specifies where the entity moves to
List out lexical relations.
synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, polysemy, homonym, homophone, homographs
Synonyms
different words that share nearly the same meaning
Antonyms & their categories
words in opposition
GRADABLE fe. easy - difficult
COMPLEMENTARY fe. dead - alive
REVERSIVES fe. up-down
Hyponyms
a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it; include the meaning of a more general word fe. dog Is a hyponym for animal
Polysemy
one word, many meanings
Homonym
words that have the same form, but unrelated meanings
Homophone
distinct lexemes with shared pronnoncuitaion fe. meet/meat
Homographs
indentical ortpgrpahic form, diffrent pronouncitation and menaing
Prototype
a set that has typical, central features in a category, best example of a given category
Peripheral features
their presence or absence doesn’t imply many other characteristics
Metanymy
when one word is replaced by another that is related/connected to the first one fe. president/white house
Methapor
one thing is used to refer to another to show that they are similar
Simile
comparison of one thing to another to make the description more vivid
Dead metaphor
a metaphor used so frequently that it becomes a part of regular speech
Collocation
organization of words depending on how often they occur together fe. red wine
