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PASS > Sem 2 (3) > Flashcards

Sem 2 (3) Flashcards

1
Q

Explain confounding
State what the confounder is

A

The mixing of effect between exposure,
the disease and
a third variable (which is the confounder)

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2
Q

Give some common cofounders

A

Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Smoking
Deprivation

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3
Q

Standardisation

A

the process of putting different variables on the same scale

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4
Q

What is the solution to cofounders?

A

Standardisation

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5
Q

What does standardisation allow?

A

to compare scores between different types of variables

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6
Q

Ecological study
What do they study?
Give an example

A

Data on group-level characteristics on groups of people

Colon cancer incidence per 100 women and per capita daily meat consumption

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7
Q

Issues with ecological studies

A

Measurement variation

Confounding

Chance - random error

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8
Q

Explain the issue of confounding with ecological studies

A

falsely inferring individual level association from group-level association

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9
Q

Cross sectional survey
What do they measure?
Who?
Give an example

A

Exposure and outcome measured simultaneously

Individuals

Effect of aircraft noise exposure on heart rate during sleep in the population living near airports

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10
Q

Which type of study/survey is most appropriate for prevalence?

A

Cross-sectional

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11
Q

Issues with cross sectional surveys

A

Sampling bias

Chance - random error

Confounding

Responder/participant bias

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12
Q

Case control study
What two bits of information are collected?
Then what?

A

Previous exposure status of everyone
Group of cases and non-cases

Compare the level of exposure to cases and controls

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13
Q

Which study type is retrospective?
Prospective?

A

Case-control study - looks back in time

Cohort study

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14
Q

What are the two types of case-control study?

A

Conventional

Nested

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15
Q

Conventional case control study

A

Retrospective collection of data (from recall)

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16
Q

Nested case control study

A

Collection of data from evolving outcome and exposure database of a concurrent or prospective cohort study

17
Q

Advantages of a nested case-control study

A

Incidence rates can be calculated

Population for sampling is already defined

Can collect more detailed info

18
Q

Issues with case-control study

A

Selection bias

Information bias

Confounding

Chance - random chance

19
Q

Advantages of case control studies

A

Cheap

Quick

Good for rare diseases

Can study multiple exposures for single outcome

20
Q

Selection bias issues (2)

A

The controls may not be comparable

The controls don’t represent the study population

21
Q

Information bias issue

A

Misclassification

22
Q

Types of misclassficiaiton (2)
What type of bias is it?

A

Non-differentiated - randomly inaccurate

Differentiated - systematic

Information bias

PASS (16 decks)

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