Sem. 1 - Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cells

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2
Q

cell body

A

the cell’s life-support control center

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3
Q

soma

A

cell body

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4
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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5
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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7
Q

glial cells

A

“glue cells” - provides nutrients and insulating myelin, guides neural connections, and mop up ions and neurotransmitters

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8
Q

action potential

A

a neuron sends a message by firing an impulse, called the action potential

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9
Q

threshold (of excitation)

A

if excitatory signals exceed the inhibitory signals by a minimum intensity, or threshold, the combined signals trigger an action potential

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10
Q

resting potential

A

1.) Inside of the neuron is more negative compared to the outside.

2.) This negative charge is due to uneven distribution of ions (charged particles) like sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺).

3.) Sodium-potassium pumps move 3 Na⁺ ions out of the neuron and 2 K⁺ ions in, helping maintain this charge difference.

4.) The resting potential is typically around -70 millivolts (mV).
This electrical difference is crucial for the neuron to be ready to send signals when triggered.

In short, the resting potential keeps the neuron “charged” and ready to fire.

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11
Q

refractory period

A

Neurons need short breaks (a tiny fraction of an eyeblink). During a resting pause called the refractory period, subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state. Then the neuron can fire again.

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12
Q

all-or-none response

A

a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

How do we distinguish a gentle touch from a big hug? A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often. But it does not affect the action potential’s strength or speed.

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13
Q

depolarization

A

The loss of the inside/outside charge difference, called depolarization, causes the next section of axon channels to open, and then the next, like falling dominos. This temporary inflow of positive ions is the neural impulse—the action potential.

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14
Q

synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

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15
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

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16
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

With Alzheimer’s disease, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate.

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17
Q

Adrenaline/Epinephrine

A
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18
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Oversupply linked to schizophrenia. Undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease.

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19
Q

GABA

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

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20
Q

Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food).

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21
Q

Norepinphrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

Undersupply can depress mood.

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22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Oxytocin is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a key role in social bonding, emotional regulation, and certain physiological processes.

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23
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Undersupply linked to depression. Some drugs that raise serotonin levels are used to treat depression.

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24
Q

Substance P

A

involved in pain perception and inflammation

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25
Q

Reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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26
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

If the myelin sheath degenerates, multiple sclerosis results: Communication to muscles slows, with eventual loss of muscle control.

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27
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects communication between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness.

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28
Q

Reuptake inhibitors

A

blocks neurotransmitters from going back into the presynaptic neuron

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29
Q

endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

Oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress the body’s natural endorphin supply.

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30
Q

endocrine system

A

is a network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various body functions

includes the pituitary gland

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31
Q

agonists

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

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32
Q

antagonists

A

decreases a neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release by increasing the production or release of neurotransmitters, or by blocking reuptake in the synspse

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33
Q

explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology

A

human biology is critical to psychology because it offers insights into how the brain and body work together to shape thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This understanding allows psychologists to provide more effective treatments and interventions.

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34
Q

know the parts of the neuron and how neural impulses are generated

A

parts of a neuron:
1. cell body
2. dendrites
3. axon
4. axon terminals
5. myelin sheath

How neural impulses are generated:
1. resting potential
2. depolarization
3. action potential
4. repolarization
5. refractory period
6. return to resting potential

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35
Q

explain how specific neurotransmitters influence behavior and how drugs and other chemicals affect transmission

A
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36
Q

explain how nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells

A
  1. An action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron.
  2. At the axon terminal, the action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
  3. The neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
  4. Depending on the type of neurotransmitter, the postsynaptic neuron may become either excited or inhibited.
  5. If the postsynaptic neuron is sufficiently excited and reaches threshold, it generates a new action potential, passing the signal along.
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37
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

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38
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Autonomic and somatic system

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40
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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41
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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42
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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43
Q

interneurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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44
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

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45
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

he part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

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46
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

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47
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

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48
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

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49
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway that controls quick, automatic reactions, called reflexes, to certain stimuli. It allows your body to respond without thinking

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50
Q

endocrine system

A

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce and release hormones

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51
Q

hormones

A

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, regulating various bodily functions. They control processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and more.

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52
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

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53
Q

pituitary gland

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine gland

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54
Q

describe the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions, and what are the three main types of neurons

A

The CNS (brain and spinal cord) is the control center for processing information.

The PNS connects the CNS to the body and is responsible for voluntary (somatic) and involuntary (autonomic) actions.

The three main types of neurons are:

Sensory neurons: Carry information from the body to the CNS.

Motor neurons: Carry commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.

Interneurons: Process and relay information between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

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55
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.

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56
Q

cerebellum

A

ballerina balancing a bell on her head

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

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57
Q

medulla (oblongata)

A

medals cover your hear and lungs

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

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58
Q

pons

A

in the brain stem - helps coordinate movements and control sleep.

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59
Q

reticular formation

A

a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness.

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60
Q

lesion

A

lesion is any abnormal damage or change in the tissue of an organism, often caused by injury, disease, or surgery.

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61
Q

EEG

A
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62
Q

MRI

A
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63
Q

fMRI

A
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64
Q

Thalamus

A

Hal and amus traffic cop sending the signals to be processed at different parts of the brain

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. except smell

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65
Q

Limbic system

A

neural system (including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

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66
Q

Amygdala

A

myg rhymes with wig which can be scary

fear and aggression in limbic system

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67
Q

Hypothalamus

A

hypo the llamas

part of limbic system that is in chsrge of homeostasis (hunger, thirst, body temp)

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68
Q

Hippocampus

A

hippo uses a compass to help him remember his way back home

part of lumbic system that controls memory

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69
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master gland

70
Q

Reward center

A

rewards your body for doing things

71
Q

parts of the limbic system

A
72
Q

parts of the brain stem

A
73
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer part of brain

cortex - complex (thought, perception, decision making, language)

74
Q

Executive functioning

A

Executive functioning refers to a set of cognitive processes that are essential for controlling and managing thoughts, actions, and emotions in order to achieve goals

75
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

The prefrontal cortex is a crucial brain region that governs many of our higher cognitive functions, emotional responses, and social behaviors. Its complex role is fundamental to our ability to plan, make decisions, regulate emotions, and engage in social interactions, making it essential for navigating daily life effectively.

76
Q

cerebrum

A

the hemispheres

77
Q

frontal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

78
Q

pariental lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

79
Q

occipital lopbes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

80
Q

temporal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

81
Q

motor cortex

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

82
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

83
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

84
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

85
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

86
Q

Aphasia (Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

A
87
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speaking

bros talk alot

88
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

learning/understanding

wernicke, learnicke

89
Q

Explain why its a myth that we only use “10% of our brains”

A

Association areas have no observable response when electrically probed which led to the misconception that we only use 10% of our brain while in reality they are association areas

90
Q

explain how our brains adjust to new experiences

A

Our brains have an incredible ability to adjust to new experiences through a process called neuroplasticity. This refers to the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

91
Q

corpus callosum

A

CorPLUS calloSUM ; call-sum one

bridge that connects the two hemispheres and allows them to talk to one another

92
Q

split brain research

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

Because the split-brain surgery had cut the communication lines between the hemispheres, the researchers could, with these patients, quiz each hemisphere separately.

93
Q

contralateral hemispheric organization

A

refers to the way the brain’s two hemispheres control functions on opposite sides of the body

94
Q

contralateral control

A

left controls right , right controls left

95
Q

consciousness

A

aware 10%

96
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

Cognitive neuroscience is the interdisciplinary field that studies how cognitive processes such as memory, attention, language, and perception are represented and carried out by the brain’s neural networks.

97
Q

hemispheric specialization

A

Hemispheric specialization refers to the distinct functions and cognitive abilities that are primarily associated with either the left or right hemisphere of the brain

98
Q

dual processing

A
99
Q

blindsight

A

occipital lobe is damaged so eyes are taking in stuff but your not see it.

100
Q

parallel processing

A
101
Q

sequential processing

A
102
Q

explain what split brain reveal about the functions of our two brain hemispheres

A

left is language and thinking
right is visual and creative

103
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

104
Q

nature-nuture issue

A

what affects a person more their genes or environment
ANSWER: both

105
Q

heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.

106
Q

Environment

A

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

107
Q

Eugenics

A

the scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding,”

108
Q

Chromosomes

A

coiled DNA

109
Q

genes

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

110
Q

genetic predisposition

A

A genetic predisposition means that there is an increased chance that a person will develop a disease based on their genetic makeup.

111
Q

genome

A

The genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.

112
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins studies, fraternal (dizygotic) twins studies, and adoption/family studies

A

can help answer nature vs nurture question

113
Q

interaction

A
114
Q

molecular genetics

A

he subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

115
Q

molecular behavior genetics

A

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.

116
Q

epigenetics

A

“above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

117
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

how psych has changed over time

118
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest - charles darwin

119
Q

Mutation

A

change in gene

120
Q

social script

A

like social norms

121
Q

Explain how an evolutionary psychologist would explain male-female differences in sexuality and mating preferences

A

females are picky because they have to carry and take care of the baby while men just want to pass on their genes

122
Q

Describe all that goes into a biopsychosocial approach to development

A
123
Q

sleep

A

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness — as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement,

124
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

125
Q

cicadian rythem

A

bodys natural clock

126
Q

REM sleep disorder

A

people act out their dreams

127
Q

Alpha and beta waves

A

awake but relaxed beta waves are fully awake

128
Q

NREM sleep

A

non REM 1 2 3

129
Q

hallucinations

A

example feeling like you are falling when you go to sleep

130
Q

hypogogic sensations

A

when a person feels bodily sensations that are not actually occurring, like the feeling of falling or weightlessness

131
Q

delta waves

A

in NREM 3 sleep they are slow waves

132
Q

sleep spindles

A

pattern of brain waves that occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep

133
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

our circadian rhythm as well as our age and our body’s production of melatonin (influenced by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus

134
Q

Explain how our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning

A

desynchronization - A state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one another

135
Q

Name and describe the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages

A

Beta-Alpha-NREM1-NREM2-NREM3 (delta)-REM-NREM1…

136
Q

Explain sleep’s functions

A

Sleep may have played a protective role in human evolution by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods.
Sleep also helps restore and repair damaged neurons.
Sleep consolidates our memories by replaying recent learning and strengthening neural connections.
Sleep promotes creative problem solving the next day. During slow-wave sleep, the pituitary gland secretes a human growth hormone necessary for muscle development.

137
Q

narcolepsy

A

randomly fall asleep

138
Q

insomnia

A

cant sleep

139
Q

jet lag

A

circadian rythm is messed up

140
Q

sleep apnea

A

trouble breathing while sleeping

141
Q

shift work

A

circadian rythm can change over ime

142
Q

night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

143
Q

manifest content

A

according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content

144
Q

latent content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

145
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

146
Q

Explain types of dreams, and some theories as to why we dream

A

failing in an attempt to do something; being attacked, pursued, or rejected; or experiencing misfortune

satisfy wishes, file away memories, develop and perserve neural pathways, make sense of neural static, reflect cognitive development

147
Q

psychoactive drug

A
148
Q

substance use disorder

A
149
Q

tolerance

A
150
Q

withdrawal

A
151
Q

depressants

A
152
Q

alcohol use disorder

A
153
Q

barbiturates

A
154
Q

opiates

A
155
Q

stimulants

A
156
Q

nicotine

A
157
Q

cocaine

A
158
Q

Amphetamines

A
159
Q

mathamphetamines

A
160
Q

ectasy (MDMA)

A
161
Q

hallucinogens

A
162
Q

Near-death experience

A
163
Q

LSD

A
164
Q

THC

A
165
Q

Define substance use disorders

A
166
Q

Explain the roles of tolerance and addiction in substance use disorders, and how the concept of addiction has changed

A
167
Q

Define depressants and their effects

A
168
Q

Define stimulants and their effects

A
169
Q
A
170
Q

Define hallucinogens and their effects

A