Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Sem. 1 - Unit 0 > Flashcards

Sem. 1 - Unit 0 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

critical thinking

A

do not immediately accept arguments/conclusions, don’t trust your gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hindsight bias

A

“I knew it all along”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

overconfidence

A

humans tend to be more confident than correct, our confidence drives us to quick thinking rather than correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

confirmation bias

A

you like things that are similar to you - hide evidence that makes us wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peer reviewers

A

checking work for others to give feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

theory

A

idea supported by evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hypothesis

A

prediction of what will happen with no prior evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

falsifiable

A

can be proven wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

operational definitions

A

used to describe the procedure of a study and the research variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

replication

A

repeating a process for reliability and validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

case study

A

in-depth investigation of an individual or small group who may have a highly unusual trait. - non experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording - non experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

survey

A

Questionnaire, not the best because of wording effects, social desirability bias, and self report bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

wording effects

A

wording effects - using specific wording to influence one’s decision (social desirability bias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

social desirability bias

A

wording effects, influencing one’s decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

self-report bias

A

people don’t answer honestly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sampling bias

A

does not represent the population, no random sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

random sample

A

the group of people that was picked randomly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

population

A

the group that the data is represnenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

correlation

A

the extent to which two variables are related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

correlation coefficient (R)

A

describes the strength and direction of a relations ship between two variables

perfect positive correlation = +1.00
perfect negative correlation = -1.00
no correlation = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

variable

A

factor of experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

scatterplot

A

type of graph with points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

is correlational research a experimental or non-experimental method

A

non-experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

illusory correlation

A

random events that we notice and falsely assume are related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

regression toward the mean

A

the tendency for scores to average out. In this case extreme scores tend to happen rarely and seem to fall back toward the average (the mean)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

experiment

A

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

experimental group

A

the group that recieves the variable being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

control group

A

the comparison group - does not receive variable being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

random assignment

A

equal chance of placement in either testing group (ex. flipping a coin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

single-blind procedure

A

participants don’t know if they have the placebo or not, but researchers do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

double-blind procedure

A

participants and researchers both don’t know who has that placebos and who doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

placebo

A

An inactive substance or other intervention that looks the same as, and is given the same way as, an active drug or treatment being tested

34
Q

placebo effect

A

triggered by the person’s belief in the benefit from the treatment and their expectation of feeling better, rather than the characteristics of the placebo

35
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated

36
Q

confounding variable

A

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

37
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unintentional influence of the experimenter’s expectations, beliefs, or preconceived notions on the outcome of a study or research experiment

38
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured

39
Q

validity

A

accuracy

40
Q

quantitative research

A

numerical data

41
Q

qualitative research

A

largely non-numerical

42
Q

informed consent

A

Part of an ethical experiement. Participants need to know the following before starting:
- purpose
- risks
-right to alternative
- right to withdraw at anytime
*informed assent (a process through which minors agree to participate in clinical trials)

43
Q

debrief

A

the process of giving participants in a completed research project a fuller explanation of the study in which they participated than was possible before or during the research.

  • Allows for deception
  • confederate (in an experimental situation, an aide of the experimenter who poses as a participant but whose behavior is rehearsed prior to the experiment)
44
Q

descriptive statistics

A

researchers use descriptive statistics to measure and describe characteristics of groups under study, often using a histogram to display their data

45
Q

histogram

A

a bar graph

46
Q

mode

A

most occuring number

47
Q

mean

A

average

48
Q

median

A

middle number

49
Q

percentile rank

A

the % of scores that are lower than a given score

50
Q

skewed

A

a representation of score that lack symetry around their average value (skews data one way or another)

51
Q

range

A

the distance between the lowest and the highest value in a set of scores

52
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

53
Q

normal curve

A

The distribution of cases between the mean and various standard deviations are the same

54
Q

inferential statistics

A

Determine if results from the study are potentially generalizable beyond the research setting (based on probability)

55
Q

meta-analysis

A

the statistical combination of the results of multiple studies addressing a similar research question

56
Q

statistically significant

A

is the data significant

57
Q

effect size

A

size of the effect

58
Q

perceiving order in random events

A

even in random data, we often find patterns because we try to make sense of our world

59
Q

pinky finger - branch of psych

A

biological (hold up pinky finger and curve the rest to make a b shape):

brain, structure, genetics, nervous system

60
Q

ring finger - branch of psych

A

Humanistic (wedding ring, being married in a relationship with another human):

self improvement, hierarchy of needs

61
Q

middle finger - branch of psych

A

behavioral (giving someone the middle finger):

learning though experience and observation, conditioned though rewards and punishments

62
Q

pointer finger - branch of psych

A

cognitive (point to your brain):

how we store and retrieve information, problem solving

63
Q

thumb - branch of psych

A

psychodynamic (thumb sucking):

behaviors come from unconscious conflicts, trauma from childhood

64
Q

palm - branch of psych

A

socio-cultural (high five is not in every culture):

impact of cultural influence, behaviors varies across cultures, situational context

65
Q

extra finger - branch of psych

A

evolutionary (extra finger was added on because of evolution):

why certain behaviors/genes/traits have adapted via natural selection

66
Q

explain how psychology is a science

A

Psychology’s findings are the result of a scientific approach - based on careful observation and testing

67
Q

Describe the three key elements of the scientific attitude and how they support scientific inquiry

A

Key elements:
1. curiosity (does it work?)
2. skepticism (what do you mean?)
3. humility (That was unexpected! Let’s explore further.)

-Curiosity is vital because it drives scientists to seek new information and understand the world.

-Skepticism enables scientists not to believe everything blindly, they require supportive evidence and examine facts critically.

-Scientists need to be open to new ideas and be readied to admit when they are wrong and accept new findings even if they are contrary to their beliefs, expectations or theories

*These elements work together in a scientific inquiry to facilitate the discovery of new knowledge and its acceptance.

68
Q

Explain how critical thinking feeds a scientific attitude, and smarter thinking for everyday life

A

-The scientific attitude prepares us to think harder and smarter, which is called critical thinking
-Critical thinking examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
-Critical thinking beats common sense

69
Q

Explain how cognitive biases, such as hindsight bias, overconfidence, and the tendency to perceive order in random events illustrate why science-based answers are more valid than those based on common sense

A

our common sense thinking is flawed due to these 3 powerful tendencies, but scientific inquiry can help is sift reality from illusion

70
Q

Describe how theories advance psychological science

A

explanations that apply an integrated set of principles to organize observations and generate hypotheses

71
Q

Explain what it means when we say two things are correlated, and describe positive and negative correlations

A

A positive correlation is when two variables move in the same direction. A negative correlation is when two variables move in the opposite or inverse direction.

72
Q

Describe the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect

A

(1) manipulating the factors of interest and (2) holding constant (“controlling”) other factors.

73
Q

Explain the process of determining which research design to use

A

depends on the type of data you need to answer your research question

74
Q

Explain the value of simplified laboratory conditions in illuminating everyday life

A

Researchers intentionally create a controlled, artificial environment in the laboratory to test general theoretical principles. It is the general principles- not the specific findings- that help explain everyday behaviors.

75
Q

Explain why psychologists study animals, and explain the ethical research guidelines that safeguard human and animal welfare

A

animals, especially mammals, have brains that function similarly to the human brain on a basic level

APA -> governing body for psychology
Federal regulations ->harm to self/others
IRB -> local (approval)

Animal research:
- purpose
-acquire legally
-humane treatment

Ethical guidelines:
1. Informed consent:
- purpose
-risks
-right to alternative
-right to withdraw
-informed assent (consent for minors)
2. Protection from harm and discomfort:
- minimize risk
- justification
3. Confidentiality:
- protect anonymity
- confidentiality
4. Debriefing:
- allows for deception
- confederate

76
Q

Describe how psychologists’ values influence what they study and how they apply their results

A

Psychologists’ values influence their choice of research topics, their theories and observations, their labels for behavior, and their professional advice

77
Q

Explain how we describe data using three measures of central tendency, and percentile rank

A

mode - the most occurring number
median - the middle number in a set of data
mode - average
percentile rank - the % of scores that are lower than a given score

78
Q

Explain the relative usefulness of the two measures of variation

A

Measures of variation tell us how diverse data are

Two measures of variation are the range (which describes the gap between the highest and lowest scores) and the standard deviation (which states how much scores vary around the mean, or average, score). Scores often form a normal (or bell-shaped) curve.

79
Q

Explain how we determine whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations

A

To feel confident about generalizing an observed difference to other populations, we would want to know that the sample studied was representative of the larger population being studied

80
Q

NON_EXPERIMENTAL RESEACH =

A

NO CAUSE AND EFFECT

81
Q

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL

A

CUASATION

AP Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions