self-esteem and self-enhancement Flashcards
what year was the California task force on self-esteem and personal and social responsibility founded?
1986.
define self-esteem
“a certain average tone of self-feeling which each of us carries, and which is independent of the objective reasons we may have for satisfaction and discontent”.
state James’ formula.
self-esteem = success/ pretensions
name domains of self.
- actual self
- ideal self
- ought self
people with higher implicit self-esteem may…
… associate positive words with self more quickly, and negative words more slowly.
… greater liking for letters of the alphabet included in their name.
… greater liking for number of day born on.
state features of high self-esteem.
traditional view: positive view of self, liking one-self (accepting weaknesses), feeling secure.
alternative view: promoting self as ‘better than others’, denying threats to positive self-image.
state features of low self-esteem.
traditional view: negative view of self, self-loathing and insecurity, psychological and behavioural problems
alternative view: natural self-evaluation, cautious self-presentation, uncertainty about self.
name correlations between predictors and global self-esteem.
- self-evaultions in important domains with global self-esteem r=.70
- self-evaluations in unimportant domains r=.30
name domains/ dimensions that relate to self-esteem.
- athletic competence r=.23 - .42
- physical appearance r=.52 - .80
- social acceptance r=.32 - .58
- scholastic behaviour r=.33 - .54
- behavioural conductance r=.32 -.50
name mediators to global self-worth.
5 dimensions - peer + parental support = global self-worth.
name values culture moderates, but not personal importance.
- controlling my life
- doing my duty
- benefiting others
- achieving others
= leads to global self-worth
has does personal importance effect self-esteem?
it doesn’t!
personal importance of different domains does not seem to moderate how well they predict self-esteem.
name possible causal directions of self-esteem.
- domain-specifics = global self-esteem
- global self-esteem = domain-specifies
name self-enhancement strategies.
- self-serving bias in attributions
- upward and downward comparison
- ‘better-than-average’ effect
- basking-in-reflected-glory
- prejudice
what function is seen when self-esteem is threatened?
self-protection function
which out of individualistic and collectivist cultures have more self-enhancement, among American and Japanese in the US?
individualistic Americans self-enhanced more than individualistic Japanese, whereas collectivist Japanese were more self-enhancing than collectivists Americans.
give evidence for differences in positive self-regard across different cultures.
- more self-criticism rather than self-enhancement among asian populations, asian populations show lower levels of self-esteem than north Americans.
what was found when studying attributions for success and failure among Japanese UG students?
- typically made self-effacing attributions than self-serving bias (blamed self for failures)
- expected close others to make supportive attributions
- believed others close understood them well, which correlated with expecting supportive attributions.
deserve findings studying modesty in Chinese culture.
- sef-rated modesty correlated negatively with explicit self-esteem in china and US
- self-rated modesty positively correlated with implicit self-esteem in china, not US.
after describing selves modesty, Chinese showed (increased/ decreased) implicit self-esteem, after describing selves immodesty, Chinese showed (increased/decreased) implicit self-esteem.
… increased
… decreased
- not found for Americans
how does culture moderate self-esteem?
effects what is positively valued and prescribes appropriate ways of maintaining and enhancing self-esteem.
state way self-esteem is constructed.
- socially: depends on social value of domains and on social comparison standards
- individually: self-promotion and self-protection strategies, diverse, pervasive, subtle and strategic.
name key findings from behavioural genetic studies of global and domain-specific self-esteem on heritability.
- genetic influences (30-50%)
- shared environment (mostly < 10%)
- non-shared environment (often > 50%)
state genetic dispositions in particular domains.
physical characteristics - appearance (40-80%)
physical characteristics - athletic (40-50%)
intelligence - scholastic (20-60%)
