self-esteem and self-enhancement

Question 1

what year was the California task force on self-esteem and personal and social responsibility founded?

Answer 1

1986.

Question 2

define self-esteem

Answer 2

“a certain average tone of self-feeling which each of us carries, and which is independent of the objective reasons we may have for satisfaction and discontent”.

Question 3

state James’ formula.

Answer 3

self-esteem = success/ pretensions

Question 4

name domains of self.

Answer 4

• actual self
• ideal self
• ought self

Question 5

people with higher implicit self-esteem may…

Answer 5

… associate positive words with self more quickly, and negative words more slowly.
… greater liking for letters of the alphabet included in their name.
… greater liking for number of day born on.

Question 6

state features of high self-esteem.

Answer 6

traditional view: positive view of self, liking one-self (accepting weaknesses), feeling secure.
alternative view: promoting self as ‘better than others’, denying threats to positive self-image.

Question 7

state features of low self-esteem.

Answer 7

traditional view: negative view of self, self-loathing and insecurity, psychological and behavioural problems
alternative view: natural self-evaluation, cautious self-presentation, uncertainty about self.

Question 8

name correlations between predictors and global self-esteem.

Answer 8

• self-evaultions in important domains with global self-esteem r=.70
• self-evaluations in unimportant domains r=.30

Question 9

name domains/ dimensions that relate to self-esteem.

Answer 9

• athletic competence r=.23 - .42
• physical appearance r=.52 - .80
• social acceptance r=.32 - .58
• scholastic behaviour r=.33 - .54
• behavioural conductance r=.32 -.50

Question 10

name mediators to global self-worth.

Answer 10

5 dimensions - peer + parental support = global self-worth.

Question 11

name values culture moderates, but not personal importance.

Answer 11

• controlling my life
• doing my duty
• benefiting others
• achieving others
  = leads to global self-worth

Question 12

has does personal importance effect self-esteem?

Answer 12

it doesn’t!

personal importance of different domains does not seem to moderate how well they predict self-esteem.

Question 13

name possible causal directions of self-esteem.

Answer 13

• domain-specifics = global self-esteem

- global self-esteem = domain-specifies

Question 14

name self-enhancement strategies.

Answer 14

• self-serving bias in attributions
• upward and downward comparison
• ‘better-than-average’ effect
• basking-in-reflected-glory
• prejudice

Question 15

what function is seen when self-esteem is threatened?

Answer 15

self-protection function

Question 16

which out of individualistic and collectivist cultures have more self-enhancement, among American and Japanese in the US?

Answer 16

individualistic Americans self-enhanced more than individualistic Japanese, whereas collectivist Japanese were more self-enhancing than collectivists Americans.

Question 17

give evidence for differences in positive self-regard across different cultures.

Answer 17

• more self-criticism rather than self-enhancement among asian populations, asian populations show lower levels of self-esteem than north Americans.

Question 18

what was found when studying attributions for success and failure among Japanese UG students?

Answer 18

• typically made self-effacing attributions than self-serving bias (blamed self for failures)
• expected close others to make supportive attributions
• believed others close understood them well, which correlated with expecting supportive attributions.

Question 19

deserve findings studying modesty in Chinese culture.

Answer 19

• sef-rated modesty correlated negatively with explicit self-esteem in china and US
• self-rated modesty positively correlated with implicit self-esteem in china, not US.

Question 20

after describing selves modesty, Chinese showed (increased/ decreased) implicit self-esteem, after describing selves immodesty, Chinese showed (increased/decreased) implicit self-esteem.

Answer 20

… increased
… decreased
- not found for Americans

Question 21

how does culture moderate self-esteem?

Answer 21

effects what is positively valued and prescribes appropriate ways of maintaining and enhancing self-esteem.

Question 22

state way self-esteem is constructed.

Answer 22

• socially: depends on social value of domains and on social comparison standards
• individually: self-promotion and self-protection strategies, diverse, pervasive, subtle and strategic.

Question 23

name key findings from behavioural genetic studies of global and domain-specific self-esteem on heritability.

Answer 23

• genetic influences (30-50%)
• shared environment (mostly < 10%)
• non-shared environment (often > 50%)

Question 24

state genetic dispositions in particular domains.

Answer 24

physical characteristics - appearance (40-80%)
physical characteristics - athletic (40-50%)
intelligence - scholastic (20-60%)