reducing prejudice Flashcards
name ways we can overcome STs.
- we have lots of personal information about the person
- we have the cognitive ability/ attentional capacity todo it
- we have the motivation
define a motivated tactician.
a fully engaged thinker who as multiple cognitive strategies available and chooses among them based on motives, goals and needs.
describe the conflictions of a motivated tactician.
sometimes motivated to choose wisely in the interests of adaptability and accuracy, sometimes they choose defensively in the interests of speed or self-esteem.
motivated tacticians encourage attribute-based processing through…
- outcome dependency
- accuracy
- accountability
Devine stated that…
STs are automatic activations for all but some people can make conscious inhibitions.
what happened once Devine added subliminal priming of Sts to her study?
- those who had been primed with AA STs and with highly prejudice made more aggressive/ hostile interpretations of Donald.
give evidence people can inhibit STs.
low prejudice people had more positive interpretations of ST groups.
what is meant by prejudice with compunction?
belief that we should recognise and feel guilty about ST.
how can we break STs as bad habits?
- be aware of implicit biases
- be concerned about them
- learn to replace prejudice responses with non-prejudiced responses.
give evidence ST can be broken down.
before training, participants were mostly faster to ST faces consistent with ST words.
define rebound effects.
when you suppress a thought…
- an intentional process drives thought from consciousness
- an automatic process monitors thoughts to check for the appearance of the unwanted thought.
- monitoring has the paradoxical effect of activating the thought.
describe findings form the white bear study.
- students who had previously tried not to think about bears seemed to be overwhelmed by the thoughts of white bears = rebound effects.
what happened in the seat condition of the skinhead study?
- those who had suppressed ST thoughts sat significantly further away than controls
= rebound effects
rebound is less likely when…
- motivated to reject ST
- social norms indicate ST are not acceptable
name and describe the three possible steps to changing STs though disconfirming.
bookeeping - modification of ST in response to disconfirming information
conversion - radical change in response to dramatic disconfirmation
sub-typing - create subgroups in response to disconfirming info
depending on … and … a specific type of ST changes will be applied.
dispersed = bookeeping concentrated = sub-typing
give evidence that sub-typing can be good or bad.
good - overall ST eventually disintegrate, perceive group as more variable, more thoughtful processing of inconsistent info.
bad - sub-typing allows more exceptions whilst preserving ST, insulation or even strengthening of ST, limits generalisation.
define the contact hypothesis.
interaction between individuals belonging to different social groups will reduce ethnic prejudice and intergroup tension.
what can change in order to reduce prejudice?
- attitudes towards outgroup
- perception of variability of outgroup
- increased forgiveness
- increased trust
- decreased anxiety
- emotion is critical in intergroup contact
state Allport’s four factors to favourable outcomes.
- equal status
- pursuing common goods
- cooperatively
- backed by social and institutional support
give evidence that working cooperatively reduces prejudice.
higher attitude ratings in cooperative group when working with an mentally ill person compared to when working alone.
name Cooks additional factors to favourable outcomes.
- outgroup member should be disconfirm ST
6. high acquaintance potential
name limitations of the original CH.
- seen as overly specific and has lost explanatory power
- many conditions are facilitating than essential
