Self-conscious emotions Flashcards
What are self-conscious emotions?
They are emotions such as guilt, shame, which are much more complex than basic emotions, such as anger, joy
What are the features of self-conscious emotions?
> They require self-awareness and self-representation i.e. who YOU are and what OTHERS think about you (enables self-evaluation)
> They are cognitively complex
> Emerge later in life; they require an understanding of the self, which does not develop until at least after 3 years of age
> They do NOT have universally recognised facial expressions
> They facilitate the attainment of social goals - obtain via indirect means (eg. guilt and shame mend friendships etc) unlike basic emotions whic are directly linked to survival
What is the pride expression?
It is experienced when people believe that they are responsible for a socially valued outcome or if you are socially valued yourself
What are the functions of pride?
Expressing pride:
> It communicates success and status to others
> I deserve resources
> Automatic association with high status
Experiencing pride:
> Positive reinforcement of behaviour, therefore, you will try and repeat the action of success
> pride is a predictor of perseverance on a socially desirable task
What are the two facets of pride?
> Authentic pride
> Hubristic pride
What did the Tracy & Matsumuto (2002) experiment find as to whether pride was innate?
That all 2004 Olympic and Paralympic competitors displayed the pride expression in response to victory, regardless of whether they were sighted, blind, or congenitally blind.
Conclusion: The pride expression IS innate
What are the characteristics of pride?
> Distinct, non-verbal expression
Universal
Recognised as young as 4 years old
What did Williams and DeSteno (2009) find regarding pride as an adaptive emotion?
IV: feedback inducing pride (great job, that’s the best we have seen) vs no feedback (control)
DV: time manipulating puzzle and subjects rating of dominance and liking
They found that in a group task, participants manipulated to have HIGHER levels of pride:
> were perceived as more dominant
> were liked better
> spent more time manipulating the puzzle
Conclusion: pride is adaptive and leads to functional outcomes eg creativity
What is hubristic pride?
The BAD type
> It is the pride which is linked to narcissism
It is being arrogant, egotistical, pompous etc
being proud of who I am (not what I have done)
What are the facets of hubristic pride?
> Self aggrandising
Internal, stable (I won because I am ALWAYS great), UNcontrollable causes
Positively correlated with narcissism
What is authentic pride?
The GOOD type
> It is being proud of what you have done (not just who you are
What are the facets of authentic pride?
> Achievement-orietated
Internal, UNstable (I will not always win if I don’t work hard), controllable causes
Positively correlated with global self-esteem
What study proposed the Two Facet of Pride?
Tracy & Robins (2007)
How?
> report a time when you felt proud of yourself in as much detail
Results:
> coded the attribution which lead to pride and concluded Authentic and Hubristic prde present
Are authentic and hubristic pride physically represented the same way?
Yes
What did Ashton-James and Tracy (2012) show about authentic and hubristic pride
> They showed that you can actually manipulate levels of both authentic and hubristic pride
Also showed that hubristic pride correlates to prejudice
