Self-confidence and Self-efficacy

Question 1

What is confidence?

Answer 1

How sure you are of your judgement (self-esteem)

Question 2

What is the self-validation theory?

Answer 2

Confidence serves as a magnifier of our thought

Question 3

What is the difference between self-confidence and self-esteem?

Answer 3

Self-confidence is how SURE you are of something, whereas self-esteem is someone’s sense of self-worth/personal value

Question 4

What is the relationship between CONFIDENCE and COMPETENCE?

Answer 4

Confidence cannot overcome a lack of Competence.

Question 5

What is Overconfidence?

Answer 5

Where confidence exceeds skill level.

Question 6

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 6

Situation specific self-confidence

Question 7

Why is self-efficacy important?

Answer 7

Behaviour patterns - choice of activities, effort, persistence.
Related to Goal Setting.
Thought Patterns - worry + attribution
Task specific - can also generalise to other similar skills/situations.

Question 8

What are the 6 sources of self-efficacy?

Answer 8

Performance accomplishments’
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal
Imaginal Experiences
Physiological states

Question 9

What is ‘performance accomplishments’ and why is it important?

Answer 9

• Based on mastery experiences
• There is a positive and reciprocal relationship between performance accomplishments and self-efficacy.

Question 10

What is ‘vicarious experiences’ and why is it important?

Answer 10

• Demonstrating/modelling
• Helps to learn new skills (important when observer has never performed task)
• Modelling (4 stage process (ARMM))

Question 11

What are the 4 stages of modelling (vicarious experiences)?

Answer 11

o Attention (focus, key points, repeat observations)
o Retention (Mental practise, say key points out loud)
o Motor reproduction (Physical practise & imagery)
o Motivation (May depend on who’s demonstrating)

Effectiveness of modelling process can be affected by type of model (e.g., age, gender, skill level).

Question 12

What is ‘Verbal persuasion’ and why is it important?

Answer 12

• Techniques - evaluative feedback and self-talk
• Can increase enjoyment, reduce or enhance effort
• Not as strong source as PA or VE (difficult to instil strong self-efficacy through persuasion alone).
• Effectiveness depends on how reputable source is.

Question 13

How do ‘Physiological states’ influence self-efficacy?

Answer 13

• Perceptions people have over their physiological states.
• When states are associated with low performance = lower self efficacy
• If same states are perceived as facilitative = enhanced self-efficacy
• Not intensity of physiological state but interpretation.

Question 14

What are ‘Imaginal Experiences’?

Answer 14

• Imagining themselves or others behaving effectively/ineffectively in situations.
• See and feel oneself demonstrating competency.
• If vivid enough, can be a form of performance accomplishment
• Useful if behaviour hasn’t previously been performed.

Question 15

What are ‘Emotional States’?

Answer 15

• Not simply product of physiological arousal.
• When emotions and moods are associated with poor performance = lower self-efficacy (anxiety)
• If emotional states are perceived as facilitative = self-efficacy enhanced
• Feeling in the right state of mind

Question 16

How are SE and SC most commonly tested?

Answer 16

Questionnaires

Question 17

What is a common measure of Sports Confidence?

Answer 17

Trait Sports Confidence Inventory (TSCI)

Question 18

Name the 7 different things that can influence confidence.

Answer 18

• Gender
• Actual ability
• How long you have been playing
• Memories/recent performances
• Standard of teammates
• Response bias
• Most confident person you know

Question 19

What are some things that can increase performance accomplishment effectiveness?

Answer 19

Bigger effect on SE
– Greater perceived task difficulty (person or others)
– Something others can do
– Something that is reinforced from others
* Smaller effect on SE
– Longer duration of being able to achieve it
– Something considered easy by others
– Something thought be achieved by external factors (e.g.,
luck) rather than ability

Question 20

What are some things that can increase vicarious experience effectiveness?

Answer 20

Experience/ability of the model
* Similar: “if they can do surely I can too?!”
* Similar/poorer: “but they can do it and I can’t so I must be rubbish…”
* More experienced/better ability: can sometimes show person how to do it/make it look easier than it is
– Nature of the activity will likely influence this