Self-Care: Dr. Aveena Woods Flashcards
Pharmacist’s Role in Self-Managed Health:
Utilizing wellness practices like lifestyle adjustments, vitamins, exercise, and diet for health management. For sickness, using nonprescription medications, home diagnostics, etc.
Pharmacist’s Role
Providing guidance, expertise, and recommendations when individuals manage their health without seeking professional advice.
Non-Prescription Medications
OTC
Regulation by FDA
Oversight by the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, ensuring standards in purity, stability, labeling, and safety versus risk.
: Dietary Supplements
Inclusion of vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, natural products, homeopathic remedies, under nutritional dietary supplements.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Encompassing practices such as natural remedies and therapies used alongside or instead of conventional medicine
Pain
OTC medications for pain relief like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin.
Cough/Cold/Flu/Sore Throat
OTC remedies for symptoms related to cold, flu, cough, or sore throat.
Allergy/Sinus Problems
OTC medications for allergy or sinus-related issues such as antihistamines or decongestants.
Heartburn, Indigestion
OTC solutions for heartburn or indigestion like antacids or acid reducers.
Constipation/Diarrhea/Gas
OTC medications for digestive issues like laxatives, anti-diarrheals, or gas-relief products.
Minor Infections
: OTC treatments for minor infections or wounds such as antiseptics or antibiotic ointments.
Skin Problems:
OTC solutions for skin-related problems like itching, rashes, or minor burns.
Rashes
First-aid measures and limitations in managing skin rashes. Non-pharmacological treatments may involve topical ointments, cool compresses, or avoiding irritants.
Hemorrhoids
First-aid measures and exceptions in addressing hemorrhoids. Non-pharmacological treatments might include dietary changes or sitz baths.
incontinence
First-aid approaches and limitations for managing incontinence. Non-pharmacological treatments might involve pelvic floor exercises or lifestyle adjustments.
Fatigue/Drowsiness
Addressing fatigue or drowsiness with considerations and exceptions. Non-pharmacological treatments may include sleep hygiene practices or stress management.
Insomnia
First-aid measures and limitations for managing insomnia. Non-pharmacological treatments could involve cognitive behavioral therapy or sleep hygiene techniques.
: Eye/Ear Disorders
Addressing eye or ear issues with some exceptions. Non-pharmacological treatments might include warm compresses or ear irrigation.
Acne
First-aid strategies and limitations for managing acne. Non-pharmacological treatments could involve topical applications or dietary adjustments.
Warts
Addressing warts with considerations and exceptions. Non-pharmacological treatments might include salicylic acid or cryotherapy.
Nicotine Addiction
Addressing nicotine addiction with limitations. Non-pharmacological treatments might include behavioral therapies or support groups.
Always Include Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Emphasizing the integration of non-drug therapies alongside or as alternatives to pharmacological interventions for these health concerns.
Benefit: Risk Ratio
Evaluating the balance between the benefits and risks associated with a medication in determining its prescription status.
Potential for Abuse/Misuse
Considering the likelihood of a medication being misused or abused as a factor in its prescription status.
No Routine Exams or Labs
Assessing the necessity for regular medical examinations or laboratory tests when using the medication.
Patient’s Ability to Self-Diagnose/Recognize Symptom
Considering if patients can accurately identify symptoms or conditions without medical supervision.
Potential for Self-Treatment of the Condition
: Evaluating whether the condition can be effectively managed by patients without prescription intervention.
Impact of Condition on Medication’s Status
Acknowledging that both the condition being treated and the medication itself can influence its prescription status.
Extensive Medication Availability
Wide range of medications accessible across various outlets.
Confusing Brand Names
Similar or confusing brand names for different products, such as Motrin and Advil, causing confusion for consumers.
: Multiple Names for One Product
Various names or formulations for the same medication, leading to potential misunderstanding or duplication.
One Name for Several Formulations
Example: Bayer, Tylenol, Robitussin—having one brand name for multiple formulations or products.
Challenges Reading and Understanding Labels
Difficulty in comprehending medication labels, leading to potential misuse or misunderstanding.
Delay in Seeking Medical Attention
: Misunderstanding or misusing medications might lead to delayed medical attention or inappropriate self-treatment.
Chronic Conditions
Hypertension, Diabetes,
Hyperlipidemia
Severe or abrupt symptoms
Vomiting, prolonged
bleeding, debilitating
cramps
Symptoms Unseen by a Physician
New or severe symptoms not previously evaluated by a doctor, demanding medical assessment.
Sudden and Severe Onset of Symptoms
Abrupt and intense symptoms that appear suddenly, prompting the need for urgent medical evaluation.
Symptoms Lasting Longer than Expected
Symptoms persisting beyond normal duration, necessitating medical assessment for further evaluation.
Sensitive Co-Morbidities
New symptoms in individuals with pre-existing serious conditions warranting immediate medical attention.
Worsening of Existing Condition or Medication Adverse Effect
Any signs of an existing condition worsening or adverse effects from medications, requiring medical evaluation.
QUEST
A mnemonic used in assessment: Questioning the patient about their symptoms.
SCHOLAR
A mnemonic for assessment: Gathering information regarding symptoms, history, onset, location, aggravating factors, and relieving factors.
PQRST
A mnemonic for assessment: Evaluating Pain (Provocation, Quality, Region, Severity, Timing).
No Recommendation - Self-limiting, Non-Pharmacological
Deciding not to offer a recommendation due to the condition being self-limiting or suitable for non-pharmacological remedies.
Recommend - Product & Non-Pharmacological
Offering recommendations, including both product-based and non-pharmacological remedies.
Referral
Referring the patient to a specialist or another healthcare provider if needed.
Open-Ended Questions
Questions encouraging detailed responses, fostering conversation
Closed-Ended Questions
Questions requiring specific, concise answers, often used for clarification.
Eliminate Distractions
Creating a focused environment, minimizing disturbances during communication.
Reflective Listening
Listening attentively and mirroring back what’s heard to ensure understanding
Empathy
Understanding and showing sensitivity towards the patient’s emotions or experiences.
Remove Physical Barriers
ensuring an open physical space to encourage open communication.
Let the Patient Talk
Allowing the patient ample time to express themselves without interruptions.
Identify Nonverbal Cues
Noticing and interpreting non-verbal cues to understand emotions or unspoken concerns.
Be Objective
Maintaining impartiality and focusing on facts during communication.
Be Aware of Nonphysical Barriers
Acknowledging potential obstacles beyond physical barriers that might impact communication.
Summarize
Recapping key points or information discussed to ensure mutual understanding.
Listening vs. Hearing
Recognizing the difference between passively hearing and actively listening and engaging.
: Product Recipient
Identifying who the product is intended for, considering age, gender, and lifestyle.
Medical History
Gathering details about allergies, current medications, medical conditions, and past self-care treatments.
Reason for Product Request
Understanding the specific reason or symptoms driving the request for the product.
Nature of Condition
Determining the characteristics or severity of the condition for appropriate recommendations.
Social Determinants of Health
Considering factors like social and economic circumstances impacting the patient’s health.
Cultural and Religious Considerations
Recognizing cultural or religious factors influencing the patient’s health and treatment preferences.
Focus on Gathering Information
Emphasizing the ability to collect this information efficiently in less than three minutes with practice.
: Establish Self-Care Candidacy
determining if the patient is suitable for self-care based on their condition and needs.
Suggest Self-Care Strategies
Recommending appropriate self-care approaches or strategies based on the assessment.
Communication with the Patient
Engaging in a conversation with the patient to gather information and provide guidance or recommendations.
Symptoms Assessment
Gathering details about the symptoms, their characteristics, history, onset, location, aggravating factors, and relieving factors.
: Symptoms Inquiry
Asking the patient to describe their symptoms in detail.
Characteristics
Encouraging the patient to elaborate on the specific nature or attributes of their symptoms.
History
Inquiring about the duration, frequency, or past occurrences of the symptoms.
Onset
Asking when the symptoms first started or began.
Location
Inquiring about the specific area or part of the body where the symptoms are felt.
Aggravating Factors
Asking about the factors or actions that worsen the symptoms.
Remitting Factors
Inquiring about factors or actions that alleviate or improve the symptoms.
: P - Precipitating/Palliating
Inquiring about factors that trigger or alleviate the symptoms.
Q - Quality of the Symptom
Asking the patient to describe the specific nature or characteristics of the symptom.
: R - Radiating/Remitting
Inquiring whether the symptom spreads or moves to other areas or if it lessens or disappears at times.
S - Severity
Asking the patient to quantify or describe the intensity or severity of the symptom.
: T - Time/Temporal
Inquiring about the duration, frequency, or timing of the symptom occurrence.
A - Associated Symptoms
: Asking about other symptoms or experiences that accompany the primary symptom.
Impact on Co-Morbidities/Diseases
Assessing how the symptom affects existing health conditions or other diseases the patient might have.
Interaction with Other Medications
Evaluating if the symptom interacts with or is affected by other medications the patient is taking.
: Impact on Medical Assessments
Considering how the symptom might influence or be influenced by medical assessments, including laboratory results or baseline measurements.
Effect on Daily Activities
Understanding how the symptom hampers or impacts the patient’s ability to perform regular daily activities.
Overall Risk vs. Benefit
Weighing the risks associated with the severity of the symptom against the potential benefits of treatment or management.
Active Ingredient
: The therapeutic substance in the product and the quantity of the active ingredient per unit.
Uses
The symptoms or diseases the product is intended to treat or prevent.
Warnings
Important information including when not to use the product, conditions requiring doctor advice, possible interactions or side effects, guidance during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and instructions for keeping the product away from children.
Inactive Ingredients
Substances in the product that aren’t the active therapeutic substance, like colors or flavors.
Purpose
The intended action or category of the product, such as antihistamine, antacid, or cough suppressant.
Directions
: Specific instructions for different age categories, dosage amounts, administration guidelines (e.g., with food), frequency, and duration of use.
Other Information
Details about proper storage of the product and specific information about certain ingredients, like the amount of calcium, potassium, or sodium present in the product.
Expiration Date
The date after which the medication should not be used for safety and efficacy reasons.
: Lot or Batch Code
specific code identifying the manufacturing batch of the product.
Manufacturer Information
Name and address details of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor of the medication.
Net Quantity of Contents
The amount or volume of the product in each package.
Overdose Instructions
Information on what to do or contact in case of an overdose.
Additional Sources
For more information or detailed guidelines, refer to sources like www.fda.gov.
No Drug Facts Label Requirement
Medications not regulated by the FDA might not be mandated to have a drug facts label.
Limitations on Claims
Such medications cannot make claims regarding effectiveness in specific conditions.
Challenges for Pharmacists
While some products might have support in medical literature, the lack of regulation can pose challenges for pharmacists due to uncertainties and limitations in recommending or endorsing these products.
U.S. National Library of Medicine Website:
The U.S. National Library of Medicine operates a website providing up-to-date and accurate drug labels to healthcare providers and the general public.
Up-to-Date Information
The website ensures current and accurate drug information, updated daily by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Self-Limiting or Non-Pharmacological Treatment
Situations where additional medical attention isn’t necessary, and no medication or product is required.
Use and Duration of Use
Guidelines on when, how, and the duration for using a medication or product.
Side Effects and Interactions
: Information about potential side effects, interactions with prescription medications, food, or specific diseases.
Storage
Instructions on how to store the medication, both before and after opening the packaging.
Improvement or Worsening of Symptoms
Guidance on what to do if symptoms improve or worsen, including whether to change the dose or seek further medical attention.
Necessity of a Product
Instances where a medication or product is necessary, indicating when self-limiting treatments aren’t sufficient and additional medical intervention is needed.
Purpose of Screening
Identifying the possibility of a disease before symptoms manifest; generally non-specific in nature.
Examples: Tests like fecal occult blood tests fall under screening methods.
: Purpose of Home Diagnostics
Identifying the presence of a specific condition like UTI, Pregnancy, Ovulation, or Cholesterol levels at home
Purpose of Monitoring
Monitoring a diagnosed condition such as Diabetes or Hypertension over time for progression or management.
Accuracy of home-kit test
High accuracy rates, usually between 95-99%.
: Safety and Effectiveness
Demonstrated safety with a low risk: benefit ratio.
: Meeting Professional Standards
Compliance with the same standards as professional kits used by healthcare providers.
User-Friendly
Designed for various users and permit proper usage by individuals with clear and simple instructions.
Quality Control
Incorporation of quality control features to ensure reliable results.
Clear Instructions and Precautions
Inclusion of easy-to-follow instructions, warnings, precautions, and information about interfering substances.
Recognize Appropriate Use
Aid patients in understanding when and how to appropriately use the testing kits.
Steps for Use
Help patients comprehend and follow the correct steps for utilizing the testing kits effectively.
Precautions and Limitations
Educate patients about precautions to take and the limitations of the testing kits.
Interpret Results
Assist patients in understanding and interpreting the results obtained from the testing kits.
Identify Interfering Substances
Inform patients about substances that might interfere with the accuracy of test results.
: False-Positives and False-Negatives
: Stress the potential consequences of false results to patients.
Test Accuracy Awareness
: Educate patients that no test is entirely accurate and help manage expectations regarding accuracy levels.
Factors Affecting Testing
Considerations such as dexterity, learning disabilities, language barriers, and low-risk, easy-to-conduct tests for visually impaired individuals.
State Approval Status
Mentioning if a test is state-approved but currently not permitted in specific states like New York (NYS).
Proper Test Selection
Emphasizing the importance of selecting tests based on patient preferences, needs, and suitability for individuals with visual impairment.
: Pharmacy Testing
Referring to Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) waivers for pharmacy-based testing, ensuring compliance and quality in testing within pharmacy settings.
Immunize with a Prescription Order
Administering immunizations under a specific prescription order.
Immunize with a Standing Order
Administering immunizations without a prescription but with a prewritten standing order that specifies instructions for administering medications/vaccines.
Standing Order Definition
Defining a standing order as a prewritten medication order allowing another practitioner to administer medication/vaccine according to specified protocols.
Pharmacists, Pharmacy Interns, Certified Pharmacy Technicians
: Individuals certified and registered with the state board of pharmacy, roles vary based on their title and qualifications.
Training Requirements
Completion of certificate programs, possession of CPR certificates, and compliance with state regulations.
: Roles and Responsibilities
: Responsibilities based on titles, involving adherence to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines.
Patient Requirements
Ensuring each patient receives an immunization record and a Vaccine Information Sheet as per guidelines.
Screening & Counseling Patients
Identifying high-risk patients, vaccination needs, contraindications, educating patients about diseases and vaccines, and determining vaccination timing.
Clinical Decisions
Making clinical decisions, including administering vaccinations based on patient assessments.
Technical Process
Registering patients, collecting necessary information, administering predetermined vaccines, documenting procedures, and promoting vaccinations.
QuEST Process in Pharmacy-Based Patient Care: : Collect Information
Gathering patient-related and situational information utilizing QuEST-PQRST-SCHOLAR approach.
QuEST Process in Pharmacy-Based Patient Care: Assess
Evaluating the patient’s candidacy for self-care, identifying the treated condition and its cause.
QuEST Process in Pharmacy-Based Patient Care:
Plan
Formulating a plan for the patient involving both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical strategies, safe product usage guidelines, duration of treatment, and expectations.
QuEST Process in Pharmacy-Based Patient Care: Monitor
Advising patients on monitoring their progress, indications of treatment effectiveness, and when to discontinue treatment.
