INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH EQUITY: Dr.Arya

Question 1

health Equity

Answer 1

This refers to the goal of ensuring everyone has the opportunity to attain their highest level of health. It emphasizes that no one should be disadvantaged due to social or other circumstances that are beyond their control.

Question 2

Health Inequity:

Answer 2

This signifies the existence of differences in health outcomes that stem from avoidable, unfair, and unjust social and structural disparities. Inequities highlight disparities that could and should be mitigated or eliminated.

Question 3

Health disparities

Answer 3

These are the measurable differences in health outcomes among different populations. They serve as the indicators or metrics used to assess progress toward achieving health equity.

Question 4

Genes and biology

Answer 4

Refers to the inherited characteristics that influence our health, such as our sex, race, and family history.

Question 5

Physical environment

Answer 5

refers to the places where we live, work, and play, and the factors in those places that can affect our health, such as air and water quality, access to healthy food, and opportunities for physical activity.

10% of environment

Question 6

Social and economic factors

Answer 6

include our income, education level, social status, and access to healthcare. These factors can have a significant impact on our health, as they can influence our ability to afford healthy food, live in a safe and healthy neighborhood, and get the medical care we need

40% of determinants of health

Question 7

Clinical care

Answer 7

refers to the healthcare services that we receive from doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. This includes preventive care, such as immunizations and screenings, as well as treatment for acute and chronic illnesses.

Question 8

Health behaviors

Answer 8

Include our choices about what we eat and drink, how much physical activity we get, and whether or not we smoke or use drugs. These behaviors can have a major impact on our health and well-being.

Question 9

Highest deaths due to attributable factors?

Answer 9

Low education
Racial Segregation
Low social support
individual poverty & income inequality

Question 10

The Social Determinants of Health

Answer 10

(SDOH) are the conditions and factors in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

Question 11

Economic Stability:

Answer 11

Employment: Job insecurity or unemployment can lead to financial stress, affecting access to healthcare, nutritious food, and stable housing.

Question 12

Income Inequality:

Answer 12

Disparities in income can result in unequal access to resources like healthy food, safe neighborhoods, and quality education.

Question 13

Neighborhood and Physical Environment:

Answer 13

Housing Conditions: Living in substandard or overcrowded housing can increase the risk of health issues such as respiratory problems or infections.

Access to Green Spaces: Communities lacking parks or recreational areas may experience higher levels of stress and lower physical activity.

Question 14

Education

Answer 14

Educational Attainment: Lower levels of education can lead to limited job opportunities and lower income, impacting access to healthcare and other resources.
Health Literacy: Education levels can affect understanding and utilization of health information and services.

Question 15

Food

Answer 15

Food Insecurity: Limited access to nutritious and affordable food can lead to malnutrition or diet-related diseases, affecting overall health and well-being.

Food Deserts: Areas lacking access to fresh, healthy foods due to limited grocery stores or markets can contribute to poor dietary choices.

Question 16

Community and Social Context:

Answer 16

Social Support Networks: Strong social connections and support systems contribute to better mental health and overall well-being.

Discrimination and Marginalization: Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other factors can negatively impact mental and physical health outcomes.

Question 17

Healthcare System:

Answer 17

Access to Care: Limited access to healthcare services due to financial barriers or geographic distance can result in delayed care and poorer health outcomes.

Quality of Care: Disparities in healthcare quality, cultural competence, and availability of services can impact health outcomes among different populations.

Question 18

What cause health disparities?

Answer 18

Health disparities arise from
social factors like education,
taxes, jobs, housing, city
planning, laws, and healthcare
systems. People can’t directly
change these but need social
and economic policies to fix
unfair health differences.

Question 19

Health Impact Pyramid

Answer 19

is a visual representation used to illustrate the varying levels of impact that different types of interventions can have on public health outcomes. The pyramid categorizes interventions based on their effectiveness in improving population health and preventing diseases. It typically consists of layers, each representing different types of interventions and their relative effectiveness in producing widespread health improvements.

Question 20

Socioeconomic Factors and Social Determinants:

Answer 20

At the base of the pyramid are the social determinants of health, such as education, income, housing, and social environment. These factors have the broadest and most significant impact on population health but often require substantial societal changes to address.

Question 21

Changing the Context to Make Individuals’ Decisions Healthy:

Answer 21

This layer involves modifying the environment or setting default options to encourage healthy behaviors. Examples include making healthy foods more accessible or designing cities to promote physical activity.

Question 22

Long-Lasting Protective Interventions:

Answer 22

These are interventions that provide long-term protection, such as vaccinations or counseling on healthy habits, aiming to reduce risks and prevent diseases.

Question 23

Clinical Interventions:

Answer 23

: This layer includes healthcare services provided by clinicians, like medical treatments, surgeries, or medication. While critical for individuals, these interventions have less impact on the health of entire populations compared to broader social and environmental changes.

Question 24

Clinical Interventions

Answer 24

: This layer includes healthcare services provided by clinicians, like medical treatments, surgeries, or medication. While critical for individuals, these interventions have less impact on the health of entire populations compared to broader social and environmental changes.

Question 25

Counseling and Education:

Answer 25

Targeted at changing individual behavior through education and counseling, this layer focuses on imparting knowledge and skills to promote healthier choices.

Question 26

Increasing Population Impact:

Answer 26

This line or axis represents the scale of impact an intervention has on a population level. As you move down the pyramid towards the base, the interventions have a greater effect on the health of larger populations. Strategies or interventions at the bottom of the pyramid, addressing social determinants like education, income, or living conditions, have a more widespread impact on a larger number of people within a community or society.

Question 27

Increasing Individual Effort Needed:

Answer 27

This line represents the level of personal effort or individual action required to benefit from a particular intervention. At the top of the pyramid, interventions often demand more individual effort or engagement, such as changing personal behaviors, adhering to medical treatments, or seeking healthcare services. These interventions might require more active participation or compliance from individuals to achieve health benefits.

Question 28

Inequality

Answer 28

Inequality refers to disparities or uneven distributions of resources, opportunities, or privileges among individuals or groups. It can encompass various forms, such as economic inequality (unequal distribution of wealth or income), social inequality (unequal treatment based on factors like race, gender, or socioeconomic status), or educational inequality (unequal access to quality education).

Question 29

Equity

Answer 29

Equity involves ensuring fairness and justice in providing resources, opportunities, and treatment to all individuals or groups, accounting for their specific needs and circumstances. It aims to address underlying disparities or barriers by giving everyone what they need to achieve similar outcomes, even if it requires different supports or approaches for different individuals or groups.

Question 30

Equality

Answer 30

Equality focuses on treating everyone in the same way without accounting for individual differences or varying needs. It implies providing the same resources, opportunities, or treatment to everyone regardless of their starting point or circumstances. However, this approach might not address existing disparities as it doesn’t consider the differing needs or challenges faced by individuals or groups.

Question 31

Justice

Answer 31

Justice encompasses the concept of fairness, moral rightness, and the application of ethical principles in the treatment of individuals or groups. It involves ensuring that all individuals have access to their rights and are treated fairly within society. Justice seeks to address systemic issues that lead to inequalities and promote a society where everyone has equal opportunities and treatment.

Question 32

Addiction” vs. “Substance Use Disorder”:

Answer 32

Historically, “addiction” often carried a stigma, implying a moral failing or lack of willpower. It placed blame on individuals for their struggles with substance use.

Question 33

Substance Use Disorder (SUD):

Answer 33

: “Substance Use Disorder” is a more modern term used in clinical and public health contexts. It emphasizes that substance use issues are a medical condition requiring treatment rather than a moral failing.

Question 34

Moral Character Flaw

Answer 34

This older narrative framed addiction as a weakness or personal flaw, often stigmatizing those affected.

Question 35

Families Affected by the Opioid Epidemic:

Answer 35

: Shifting the narrative to focus on families affected by the opioid crisis humanizes the issue, emphasizing compassion and support rather than judgment and blame.

Question 36

Institutional Racism:

Answer 36

This occurs within institutions when their policies, practices, or systems lead to unequal or unjust outcomes based on race. These outcomes can persist due to deliberate or unintentional actions within the institution.

Question 37

Racial Equity:

Answer 37

It’s both an end goal and a process. Achieving racial equity means that race doesn’t dictate or predict outcomes. The process of achieving racial equity involves ensuring that those most affected by racism have a say in decisions that impact their lives, thus addressing systemic biases and disparities.

Question 38

Intersectionality

Answer 38

This concept recognizes that various forms of inequality, such as race, gender, sexuality, class, etc., intersect and compound each other’s effects. For instance, an individual may face unique challenges resulting from the combined impact of different types of discrimination or disadvantages based on various aspects of their identity.

Question 39

Lived Experiences

Answer 39

Structural racism influences how individuals experience the world. It can impact where people live, the quality of their housing, the availability of resources and opportunities, and the interactions they have with institutions like schools, law enforcement, and healthcare. These experiences are often shaped by systemic biases and inequalities.

Question 40

Comparative Analysis:

Answer 40

Among 11 highly industrialized, high-income countries, the United States reports the highest rates of maternal mortality. This ranking is troubling, especially considering the resources and advancements in healthcare available in the country.

Question 41

maternal mortality rate

Answer 41

Disturbingly, the maternal mortality rate in the US is on an upward trajectory. This trend highlights a persistent and worsening problem that demands immediate attention and comprehensive solutions.

Question 42

Preventability of maternal mortality

Answer 42

y: A significant revelation is that a substantial majority—ranging from 66% to 80%—of pregnancy-related deaths in the US could have been prevented. This staggering statistic underscores the urgent need for better healthcare practices, improved access to quality care, and the implementation of appropriate interventions

Question 43

Pregnancy-associated mortality

Answer 43

Deaths during pregnancy and up to 1 year after, regardless of cause

Question 44

Pregnancy-related mortality

Answer 44

Deaths during pregnancy and up to 1 year after, related to pregnancy and its effects

Question 45

Maternal mortality

Answer 45

Death during or within the last 42 days of pregnancy, from any cause related to pregnancy or its management

Question 46

Black mothers mortality

Answer 46

Higher than any group

Black women experience significantly higher maternal mortality rates compared to white women. Studies consistently show that Black mothers are two to three times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications than their white counterparts.

Question 47

Trend of Maternal Mortality Rates: race

Answer 47

Maternal mortality rates have been on the rise across all racial groups in the United States. This pattern signals a systemic problem demanding immediate attention and comprehensive solutions.

Question 48

Disproportionate Impact on Non-Hispanic Black Individuals:

Answer 48

Among these rising rates, non-Hispanic Black individuals consistently experience the highest rates of maternal mortality. This disparity highlights a persistent and deeply concerning issue within healthcare systems that disproportionately affects this demographic.

Question 49

Maternal Mortality rates with age

Answer 49

Teens face risks due to physical immaturity.

• Women ≥35 have higher complications.
• Women ≥40 often have highest risks.

Factors like health, care access, and risks impact rates.

Question 50

Maternal mortality rate for Black women:

Answer 50

55.3 deaths per 100,000 live births

Question 51

Maternal Immortality rate for women aged ≥ 40

Answer 51

107.9 deaths per 100,000 live births

About 7.8 times higher than the rate for women under age 25

Question 52

Common causes of maternal death for Black Women

Answer 52

Cardiomyopathy, thrombotic pulmonary embolism, hypertensive disorders

Question 53

Statistics for Maternal Death

Answer 53

Postpartum cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia & eclampsia were 5 times higher…

Obstetric embolism were 2.3 times higher…

Obstetric hemorrhage were 2.6 times higher…

Question 54

Structural Racism:

Answer 54

Legalized systems in society reinforcing racist agendas.

Question 55

Implicit Bias:

Answer 55

Unintentional associations impacting judgments, decisions & behaviors.

Question 56

Underlying Chronic Conditions:

Answer 56

Higher likelihood of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease.

Question 57

Variations in Healthcare Quality:

Answer 57

Smaller representation of Black OB-GYNs and specialized nurses.

Question 58

Personal Responsibility:

Answer 58

Blaming individuals for their health without considering systemic barriers.

Question 59

Unfortunate but not Unjust

Answer 59

Viewing disparities as natural, not acknowledging underlying injustices.

Question 60

Nothing can be done:

Answer 60

Assuming helplessness in addressing health inequities.