self and identity

Question 1

Personal identity

Answer 1

Self defined in terms of unique personal attributes or unique interpersonal relationships

Question 2

Social identity

Answer 2

Self-concept that derives from our membership of social groups

Question 3

core social motives

Answer 3

1. self-enhancement
2. inclusion and belonging
3. distinctiveness
4. uncertainty reduction

Question 4

cognitive appraisals

Answer 4

1. structural / comparative fit / meta contrasts
   the ratio of intra- category similarities to inter-category differences, i.e., people within the category are very similar and people in different categories are very different
2. normative fit
   whether there is a match between category norms and observed characteristics it
3. accessibility
   The readiness to perceive a category that the category is situationally or chronically accessible

Question 5

self categorisation

Answer 5

Turner and associates’ theory of how the process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours.

Question 6

self complexity

Answer 6

high - differentiated into separately organized substructure (multiple distinctive self-images)

low - think of themselves as pretty much the same across situations and roles

Question 7

Buffering effect

Answer 7

having high self-complexity can buffer the impact of negative events

Question 8

SELF-ESTEEM

Answer 8

An individual’s positive or negative feelings of personal value or self-worth

Question 9

ROSENBERG’S GLOBAL SELF-ESTEEM SCALE

Answer 9

ΠI feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others.
 I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
Ž All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
 I am able to do things as well as most other people. I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
‘ I take a positive attitude toward myself.
’ On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
“ I wish I could have more respect for myself.
” I certainly feel useless at times.
•At times I think I am no good at all.

Question 10

SELF-EFFICACY

Answer 10

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem (one’s sense of self-worth).

Question 11

GOUGH’S CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGICAL INVENTORY (CPI)

Answer 11

+ve keyed
Can handle complex problems. Think quickly.
Formulate ideas clearly.
Have excellent ideas.
Am quick to understand things.
-ve keyed
Never challenge things. Undertake few things on my own. Let others determine my choices. Let myself be directed by others. Do not have a good imagination.

Question 12

ACTUAL self

Answer 12

who I think I really am

Question 13

ideal self

Answer 13

who I would really like to be

Question 14

ought self

Answer 14

who i should be

Question 15

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 15

The difference between actual self and ideal self affects emotional well-being

Large discrepancy between actual-ideal self produces dejection-related emotions (e.g., disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness)

Answer 16

1.Compared to most people, are you unable to get what you want out of life?
2.Growing up, would you ever “cross the line” by doing things that your parents would not
tolerate?
3.How often have you accomplished things that got you “psyched” to work even harder?
4.Did you get on your parents’ nerves often when you were growing up?
5.How often did you obey rules and regulations that were established by your parents?
6.Growing up, did you ever act in ways that your parents thought were objectionable?
7.Do you often do well at different things that you try?
8.Not being careful enough has gotten me into trouble at times.
9.When it comes to achieving things that are important to me, I find that I don’t perform as well as I ideally would like to do.
10.I feel like I have made progress toward being successful in my life.
11.I have found very few hobbies or activities in my life that capture my interest or motivate me to put effort into them.

Question 17

REGULATORY FOCUS

Answer 17

self-regulation: reduce the discrepancy between actual self and ideal/ought self

Question 18

Promotion focus

Answer 18

Focusing on achieving one’s ideal self (Who we would like to be)
­
An approach (or eager) strategy ensures the presence of positives (gains) and ensures against the absence of positives (non-gains).
­
Trying to improve and to find new challenges

Question 19

Prevention focus

Answer 19

Focusing on fulfilling an ought self (Who we think we should be)
­
An avoidance (or vigilant) strategy ensures the absence of negatives (non-losses) and ensures against the presence of negatives (losses)
­
Trying to avoid failures and novel situations

Question 20

SELF-MOTIVES

Answer 20

1. self-enhancement
2. self-verification
3. self-assessment

Question 21

self-enhancement

Answer 21

Emphasize positive rather than negative information

­Enhancing self-image

Question 22

self-verification

Answer 22

Emphasize core rather than peripheral aspects of self, irrespective of valence
­Confirming what one knows about oneself

Question 23

self-assessment

Answer 23

Emphasize peripheral rather than core aspects of self, irrespective of valence

­Discovering oneself

Question 24

experiment (self-evaluation process)

Answer 24

referent - I

central: positive&raquo_space;> negative
peripheral: positive ~ negative

referent - other
central ~ peripheral: positive ~ negative

*positive slightly higher

Question 25

self-enhancement bias

Answer 25

driving skills: most people perceive they are better than others

Question 26

self-perception theory

Answer 26

We gain knowledge of ourselves by inferring our own attitudes from our own behaviors

We observe and understand ourselves just like how we understand others by observing them

Question 27

FESTINGER’S SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY

Answer 27

3 premises:

1. Humans are innately motivated to evaluate self (opinion and abilities)
2. In the absence of objective bases of assessment, individuals evaluate opinions and abilities by comparison with others.
3. Tendency to compare self to other decreases as difference between self and other increases.

2 consequences
1. When we feel uncertain about who we are or what we are experiencing, we seek out other people for the purpose of gaining social comparison information

2.
The more uncertain we are, the more we are susceptible to influence from other people

Question 28

COUNTER-FACTUAL THINKING

Answer 28

People seem to be greatly affected by how their objective outcomes compare to imagined outcomes that “might have been”

The intensity of people’s reactions to events appears to be proportional to how easy it is to conjure up greater or lesser outcomes that “almost happened.”

Question 29

SOCIAL-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE MODEL

Answer 29

When people are constrained to make esteem-damaging upward comparisons, they would underplay or deny similarity to the target or they can withdraw from their relationship with the target

Bronze medalists expressed more satisfaction than silver medalists (Medvec et al., 1995)

Question 30

birging

Answer 30

Basking in reflected glory

­ Linking yourself with desirable people or groups and thus improving other’s impression of you

Question 31

SELF-HANDICAPPING

Answer 31

Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves, so that if we do poorly on a task, we have ready-made excuses.

Question 32

SELF-MONITORING

Answer 32

The relative tendency of individuals to regulate their behavior on the basis of external events such
as

the reactions of others (high self-monitoring)

or on the basis of internal factors such as their own beliefs, attitudes, and interests (low self-monitoring)

“regulate their expressive self-presentation for the sake of desired public appearances, and thus be highly responsive to social and interpersonal cues” (Synder & Grangestad, 1986)

Question 33

high self-monitoring

Answer 33

> focus more on looks (photos) than personal attributes
more dates
lower duration in a relationship
male (esp. high): more dates and one night stand