Attraction Flashcards
Exchange relationships
exchange for my own good
hope to gain interest
Communal relations
care for each other
can reverse back to exchange relations
cost-reward ratio
Tenant of social exchange theory, according to which liking for another is determined by calculating what it will cost to be reinforced by that person
Minimax strategy
in relating to others, we try to minimise the costs and maximise the rewards that accrue
Distributive justice
the fairness of the outcome of a decision
Procedural justice
the fairness of the procedures used to make a decision
Attachment
Need to affiliate: the urge to form connections and make contact with other people
> Underlies the way in which we form positive and lasting interpersonal relationships and also plays a key role in attachment to groups
reduce anxiety:
- A distraction from a worrying situation
- The need to affiliate
Hospitalism
A state of apathy and depression noted among institutionalised infants deprived of close contact with a caregiver
Attachment styles
Descriptions of the nature of people’s close relationships, thought to be established in childhood
- Secure
- avoidant
- anxious
Attachment behaviour
the tendency of an infant to maintain close physical proximity with the mother or primary caregiver
Relational models theory
- communal sharing
- authority ranking
- equality matching
- market pricing
communal sharing
based on a sense of sameness and kinship. Resources are generated by those in the group capable of doing so, and resources go to those in need
authority ranking
based on hierarchy, status, and a linear ordering of people within a group
equality matching
based on equality, reciprocity, and balance
market pricing
based on a sense of proportion, trade, and equity, in which people are concerned with ensuring that their inputs to a relationship correspond to what they get out of the relationship
Emotion-in-relationships model
close relationships provide a context that elicits strong emotions due to the increased probability of behaviour interrupting interpersonal expectations
Love
A combination of emotions, thoughts and actions which are often powerful, and usually associated with intimate relationships
Three-factor theory of love
- A cultural concept of love
- An appropriate person to love
- Emotional arousal
3 important aspects of love
- commitment
- passion
- intimacy
Partner regulation
strategy to encourages a partner to match an ideal standard of behaviour
Relationship dissolution model
Sequence through which most long term relationships proceed if they finally break down
- the intrapsychic phase: brooding With little workshop, perhaps in the hope of putting things right
- the dyadic phase: Deciding that some action should be taken, short of leaving the partner
- the social phase: Saying that the relationship is near an end (to other parties)
- the final grave-dressing phase: leaving and more eg. dividing properties
Propinquity
the increased likelihood of developing a relationship with someone due to closeness in proximity, is influenced by not only physical distance but functional distance as well
physical distance: actual distance
functional distance: how likely (due to location or architecture) that people will come into contact with each other
Proximity encourages “passive” contacts
Anticipating interaction
The mere exposure effect
Anticipating Interaction
Knowing that we are going to interact with someone makes us like that person more
Cognitive dissonance pressures to like those with whom we must associate
The mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure leads to greater liking
familiarity > liking
Most effective if stimulus is initially viewed as positive or neutral
Pre-existing conflicts between people will get intensified, not decrease, with exposure
There is an optimal level of exposure:
too much can lead to boredom and satiation
Similarity
Belief validation: Consensus validation of beliefs and attitudes is reinforcing
Smooth interactions: Similar preferences and intentions facilitates interactions
Expectancy of liking: Narcissistic (We like ourselves)
We like those who like us (reciprocity of liking)
Qualities that we like: Our beliefs and values are valid and desirable
Similar people also have these desirable qualities
the matching principle
the tendency to choose similar others
People choose mates who are similar to themselves in terms of physical attractiveness and other characteristics (e.g., intelligence, Interests, demographics like age, education, religion, personality characteristics)
Self disclosure
the sharing of Internet information and feelings with another person
> important determinant of long-term intimacy in a relationship
> Social penetration model: people share more intimate topics with a close friend than a casual acquaintance or stranger
> prefer other people who we feel more about their feelings and thoughts
> important in developing And maintaining relationships
Cultural stereotypes
> An attractive person with perceived positively regardless of the ethnicity of the judge or of the target
North America: individualism-positive stereotypes include being assertive, dominant and strong
Koreas: collectivism-positive stereotypes include being empathetic, generous, sensitive, honest and trustworthy
Halo effect
Beauty is more than skin deep
the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, brand or product in one area to positively influence one’s opinion or feelings in other areas.
For both adults and children, attractiveness is strongly related to popularity, and to success for adults.
treated significantly more favorably
attractiveness effects extend beyond mere “opinions” of others and permeate actual actions towards others
Attractiveness is moderately related to both intelligence/performance and adjustment in children and to both dating and sexual experience in adults.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
People judge a book by its cover
process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation
an individual’s expectations about another person or entity eventually result in the other person or entity acting in ways that confirm the expectations.
eg. members are stereotyped as intelligent > turn out to be more intelligent
Antecedents of attractiveness
- immediacy
- biological
- prestige
attraction: immediacy
physical attractiveness is in the foreground, it is perhaps the first stimulus we receive from a person
Biology explanation of attractiveness
- Cross-cultural agreement on what is attractive
Beauty is more than just in the eye of the beholder - Reproductive fitness
Prestige
Market-value hypothesis
eg. prince charles marrying Diana: more prestige
Camilla: less prestige
Physical appearance good qualities
for female 1. big eyes 2. shorter chin 3. separation of eyes 4. small nose 5. big smile * in red: more sexually attractive > cultural traditions (eg. red lipstick) or gender stereotypes
for male:
- large eyes
- long chin
- small nose
- high status clothing
- big smile
averageness effect
Humans have evolved to prefer average faces to those with unusual or distinctive features
> significant main effect
symmetry and averageness are correlated
more feminine
- larger contrast between face vs eye area and mouth
2. whiter
hungry men
- look for woman with higher BMI
2. more attracted to people with higher Waist-to-Hip Ratio (0.7 classic hourglass figure)
excitation transfer theory
Physiological arousal can often be labeled (attributed) in different ways and can be transferred to and intensify unrelated emotional reactions
high attractiveness > higher romantic attraction
low attractiveness > lower romantic attraction
Trait
likable, sympathetic, sincere
Romantic attraction
physically attractive, sexy, like to date her, like to kiss her
General attraction
similar they were to her, like to work with her, could get along with her, …
Reinforcement-affect model
model of attraction which populates we like people who are around when we experience a positive feeling (which itself is reinforcing)
Automatic activation
attitudes that have a strong ability to situational cues are more likely to automatically come to mind from memory
Equity theory
a special case of social exchange theory that defines a relationship as equitable with the ratio of inputs to outcomes seem to be the same by both partners
2 Main situations:
- A mutual exchange of resources (Marriage)
- An exchange with limited resources must be distributed (such as a judge awarded compensation for injury)
assortative mating
A non-random coupling of individuals based on their resemblance to each other on one or more characteristics
