Impression Flashcards
impression formation
ASCH’S CONFIGURAL TRAITS
biases: primacy/recency; +ve/-ve
cognitive algebra
ASCH’S CONFIGURAL TRAITS
some traits are disproportionally higher than other traits eg warm vs cold
Implicit personality theories
Our own thinking on how different characteristics come together to form certain types of personality
primacy effect
1st thing > strongest impression
eg. student rating teacher
beginning correlate with end
recency effect
last thing > strongest impression
cognitive algebra
weighted average of impressions
schema
social cognition
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by themes or subjects
schemas powerfully affect what information we notice, think about, and remember
schema
social cognition
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by themes or subjects
schemas powerfully affect what information we notice, think about, and remember
Self schemas
influences the way we process information and how we feel about ourselves
Schematic traits
Beliefs (the cognitive part) that are organized around specific traits or features that we think of as most central or important to our image of ourselves
intelligent, slim, athletic, kind-hearted, …
person schema
humans: think of the occupations at first
or sensitive to their culture
eg. japanese - blood type
Role schemas
knowledge structures about role occupants (social group)
eg. man vs woman on a date
Scripts
A schema about an event
eg. going to a restaurant, cinema, party, football
categorization
A collection of instances have a family resemblance among each other
We may categorize persons, events, or situations into different schemas based on
Prototype
A schema defined by the specific features of a particular type of a person, social role, or situation.
It is abstract or constructed from different
instances
Can be an average member, an ideal member, or an extreme member
It is possible that there is not an instance that can fit the prototype perfectly
For example, a righteous person: Honest,
brave, …
Exemplar
An example of a category that embodies the significant attributes of the category or the ideal of that category. It is a real and specific member of the category
SCHEMA USE
Tend to use categories that are neither
too broad nor too specific, i.e., subtypes
rather than super-ordinate or
subordinate categories
Tend to access role schemas rather than
trait schemas
Tend to access schemas cued by easily
detected features or features that are
contextually distinctive
Tend to use schemas that are personally
important and relevant
SCHEMA DEVELOPMENT
Dynamic and not static
Can be acquired via second-hand
experience
As more instances are encountered, a
schema should become more abstract,
complex, organized, compact, resilient and
accurate
Revision of schema through
Bookkeeping
Conversion
Sub-typing
SOCIAL INFERENCE
Regression towards the mean
Base-rate information
Illusory correlation
Regression towards the mean
An evaluation becoming less extreme as more cases are encountered
base-rate information
people tend to ignore the base rate
illusory correlation
Perceiving relation between two things while in actuality there is no association
Associative meaning
Objects as seemed to be belonging to each other because of prior expectations
Paired-distinctiveness
Less common behaviors are associated with a less common group
rare group > rare behaviour
HEURISTICS
- representative heuristics
- availability heuristics
- anchor and adjustment
Representative heuristics
A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble ones we view as being typical
Anchoring and adjustment
The tendency for a starting value to unduly influence judgments or decisions.
Availability heuristics
A strategy for making judgments on the basis of how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind. Information that can be easily remembered is viewed as more frequent or important
that information that cannot be readily remembered
