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Patho 2 > Seizures > Flashcards

Seizures Flashcards

1
Q

epilepsy

A
  • paroxysmal event
  • excessive and abnormal brain activity
  • neurons fire excessively at the same time
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2
Q

when is someone most likely to experience a seizure in their life time?

A
  • early childhood
  • late adulthood
  • 5-10% of population has at least one seizure
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3
Q

etiology of seizures in neonates

A

perinatal hypoxia and ischemia

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4
Q

etiology of seizures in infants and children

A

febrile seizures

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5
Q

etiology of seizures in adolescents

A

infection, trauma

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6
Q

etiology of seizures in young adults

A

trauma

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7
Q

etiology of seizures in older adults

A

cerebrovascular diseases, especially strokes

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8
Q

some possible causes for epilepsy

A
  • loss of inhibitory neurons
  • excitatory glutametergic synapses
  • excitatory AA neurotransmitter
  • abnormal tissues
  • genetics
  • nigra and GABA
  • premature brain
  • kindling
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9
Q

what are the two broad categories of seizures?

A
  • focal

- generalized

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10
Q

focal seizures

A
  • involve one specific area in the brain
  • aura (warning sign) may reflect site of origin
  • +/- LOC
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11
Q

generalized seizures

A
  • involve both hemispheres of brain
  • symmetrically involved
  • no warning signs
  • always LOC
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12
Q

frontal lobe seizures

A
  • tingling feeling in hand or arm

- eye or head both turn to one side

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13
Q

temporal lobe seizures

A
  • strange smell or taste
  • feeling of deja vu
  • lip smacking or chewing movements
  • memory, language or emotion changes
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14
Q

parietal lobe seizures

A
  • tingling in or jerking of leg, arm, face

- explained as an abnormal sensation

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15
Q

occipital lobe seizures

A
  • flashing lights or spots

- vomitting

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16
Q

simple focal seizures

A

pt does not experience LOC

17
Q

complex focal seizures

A

pt experiences LOC

18
Q

simple focal seizures with motor signs

A
  • w/o march (spreading to nearby parts of brain)
  • w/ marching
  • versive
  • postural
  • phonatory
19
Q

versive seizure

A

head turns to one side, usually opposite of seizure focus

20
Q

phonatory seizure

A

pt mumbles words that dont make sense

21
Q

simple focal seizures with sensory symptoms

A
  • somato-sensory
  • visual
  • auditory
  • olfactory
  • vertiginous
  • gustatory
22
Q

vertiginous seizure

A

pt feels as if they are falling in space

23
Q

gustatory seizure

A

pt tastes something specific like a metallic taste

24
Q

simple focal seizure with autonomic symptoms

A
  • vomitting
  • pallor
  • sweating
  • pupil dilation
  • piloerection (goosebumps)
  • incontinence (can be bladder or rectum)
25
Q

simple focal seizures with psychic symptoms

A
  • dysphasia
  • dysmnesic
  • cognitive
  • affective
  • illusions
  • structured hallucinations
26
Q

illusions

A

misinterpret stimulus

27
Q

automatism

A

repeated movements

28
Q

types of generalized seizures

A
  • absence
  • myoclonic
  • atonic
  • tonic-clonic
29
Q

abscence seizures

A
  • sudden onset
  • interruption of activities
  • blank stare
  • brief upward rotation of eyes
  • can last a few seconds to 1/2 min
  • ends quickly
30
Q

tonic phase of seizure

A
  • rigid violent muscle contraction
  • sudden contraction of respiratory muscle -> moan
  • fall
  • respiratory inhibition/ cyanosis
  • urinary incontinence
31
Q

clonic phase of seizure

A
  • small gusts of grunting respiration
  • frothing of saliva
  • deep respiration
  • muscle relaxation
  • remains unconscious in deep sleep
32
Q

myoclonic seizures

A
  • sudden, brief shock-like movement
  • usually near going to bed or waking up
  • may be exacerbated by volitional movement
33
Q

atonic seizure

A
  • loss of postural muscle tone lasting 1-2 seconds
  • consciousness briefly impaired
  • no postictal confusion
  • may cause head to droop if short, collapse if long
34
Q

status epilepticus

A
  • continuous seizures or reptitive descrete seizures with impaired consciousness in inter-ictal period
  • lasts 15-30 min
35
Q

subtypes of status epilepticus

A
  • generalized convulsive status epilepticus

- non-convulsive status epilepticus

36
Q

generalized convulsive status epilepticus

A

persistent, generalized electrographic seizures, coma, and tonic-clonic movements

37
Q

nonconvulsive status epilepticus

A

absence of seizures or focal seizures with confusion or partially impaired conciousness, minimal motor abnormalitites

Patho 2 (15 decks)

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