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Patho 2 > Ch 29- The eye > Flashcards

Ch 29- The eye Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the eye

A
  • outer layer= sclera
  • choroid= middle layer
  • retina = innermost layer
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2
Q

sclear

A
  • outer white layer
  • maintains shape
  • muscles attached for movement control
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3
Q

choroid

A
  • middle layer

- blood vessels

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4
Q

retina

A
  • inner most layer
  • light sensitive tissue lining back of eye
  • made up of ten layers
  • rods, cones, bipolar cells
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5
Q

cornea

A
  • clear circular area in sclera where light enters the eye

- no blood vessels or lymphatics- immunoprivileged

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6
Q

pupil

A

circular opening in front of choroid

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7
Q

iris

A
  • colored smooth muscle
  • surrounds pupil
  • adjusts the opening according to brightness of light
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8
Q

lens

A
  • located behind pupil ad between anterior/ posterior chambers
  • is in a constant state of adjustment
  • thinner or thicker to accommodate input
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9
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma
  • low protein concentration
  • fills anterior and posterior chambers of teh eye
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10
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • located in space between lens and retina
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11
Q

rods

A
  • night vision

- found in retina

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12
Q

cones

A
  • color vision

- found in retina

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13
Q

proptosis

A
  • displacement of eye forward

- i.e. graves disease, enlargement of lacrimal glands from inflammation or neoplasm

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14
Q

eyelid

A
  • skin found externally
  • conjunctiva- mucosa found on surface apposed to eye
  • generate critical components of tear film
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15
Q

chalazion

A
  • sebaceous gland becomes obstructed
  • sebum leaks out which is rich in lipids
  • collects under skin -> chalazion
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16
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

lines interior of eyelid

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17
Q

bulbar conjunctiva

A

covers surface of eye

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18
Q

limbus

A

intersection between sclera and cornea

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19
Q

what types of conjuctivitis cause conjunctival scarring?

A

chlamydia infections

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20
Q

pinguencula

A
  • submucosal elevation on conjunctiva from UV damage
  • yellow patch or bump on conjunctiva
  • occurs near cornea
  • deposits of proteins, fat or calcium
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21
Q

pterygium

A
  • traingular shaped growth of fleshy tissue on white of eye that extends over cornea
  • often develops from pinguecula
22
Q

myosis

A
  • eye is too long
  • light gets focused in front of retina
  • short sighted
23
Q

hyperopia

A
  • eye is too short
  • light rays get focused behind retina
  • long sighted
24
Q

keratitis and ulcers of cornea

A
  • bacterial, fungal or viral causes
  • viral- HSV or VZV
  • protozoal- acanthamoeba
25
corneal degeneration
- non-hereditary diseases | - can be either unilateral or bilateral
26
corneal dystrophies
- inherited diseases | - usually bilateral
27
keratoconus
- progressive thinning and ectasia of cornea - no evidence of inflammation of vascularization - causes conical cornea - associated with down syndrome
28
fuchs endothelial dystrophy
- loss of endothelial cells -> edema and thickening within cornea - manifests as stromal edema and bulbous keratophaty - common indication of corneal transplant
29
pseudophakatic bullous keratophathy
- endothelial cells decrease following cataract surgery
30
boarders of anterior chamber
- cornea - trabecular meshwork - iris
31
aqueous humor production
- formed by ciliary body - enters posterior chamber and bathes lens - circulates through the pupil to gain access to anterior chamber - filtered through trabecular meshwork and goes into schelmm's canal
32
cataracts
- lens becomes opaque - due to protein degradation - can be from age, diabetes, steroids, radiation, trauma
33
open angle glaucoma
- drainage angle formed by cornea and iris is open - trabecular meshwork is partially blocked - mostly due to genetics
34
closed angle glaucoma
- iris bulges forward to narrow or block drainage angle formed by cornea and iris - is a medical emergency - main cause is hyperopia
35
endophthalmitis
inflammation of vitreous humor
36
panophthalmitis
inflammation within the eye that involves retina, choroid, and sclera and extends into orbit
37
opthalmitis
- intraocular inflammation - vessels in ciliary body and iris become leaky which allows cells and exudate to accumulate in anterior chamber - can cause adhesions
38
anterior synechiae
- iris falls forward onto cornea | - causes increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage
39
posterior synechiae
- iris fall backwards onto lens | - causes anterior subcapsular cataract
40
retinal detachment
separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium
41
retinal arteriosclerosis
- thickened arteriolar wall -> narrowed vessels | - change of blood color from bright rd to copper and silver
42
diabetic retinopathy
- thickening of basement membrane of retinal vessels and ciliary body - can be either non- proliferative or proliferative
43
non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- thick BM - microaneurysms - macular edema - exudates
44
proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- neuovascularization - traction retinal detachment - neovascular glaucoma
45
what is the main symptom of retinal vessel occlusion?
painless loss of vision
46
pathogenesis of retinal vessel occlusions
- virchow's triad of thrombogenesis - atheroscerotic changes - damage to retinal vessel wall -> stasis, thrombosis, occlusion
47
risk factors for retinal vessel occlusions
- age - HTN - hyperlipidemia - DM - smoking - increased intraocular pressure - oral contraceptive pills
48
central retinal artery occlusion
- sudden cessation of blood supply - retina swells and acutely becomes optically opaque - associated with cherry- red spot
49
retinal vein occlusion
- second most common retinal vascular disease - veins are thinned walled and leak more easily - causes flame-shaped hemorrhages
50
retinitis pigmentosa
- mutation in rods and cones or RPE -> apoptosis of rods and cones - get varying degrees of visual impairment -> tunnel vision - fairly common - retinal atrophy is accompanied by constriction of retinal vessels and optic nerve head atrophy - retinal pigment epithelium leaks out due to degredation
51
retinoblastoma
- most common primary intraocular malignancy in kids - arises when retinal progenitor suffers second hit - LOF of RB gene
52
optic nerve pailledema
- tumor or increased CSF pressure -> nerve compression -> edema at head of optic nerve - typically bilateral - not associated with visual loss

Patho 2 (15 decks)

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