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Patho 2 > Ch 29- The eye > Flashcards

Ch 29- The eye Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the eye

A
  • outer layer= sclera
  • choroid= middle layer
  • retina = innermost layer
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2
Q

sclear

A
  • outer white layer
  • maintains shape
  • muscles attached for movement control
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3
Q

choroid

A
  • middle layer

- blood vessels

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4
Q

retina

A
  • inner most layer
  • light sensitive tissue lining back of eye
  • made up of ten layers
  • rods, cones, bipolar cells
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5
Q

cornea

A
  • clear circular area in sclera where light enters the eye

- no blood vessels or lymphatics- immunoprivileged

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6
Q

pupil

A

circular opening in front of choroid

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7
Q

iris

A
  • colored smooth muscle
  • surrounds pupil
  • adjusts the opening according to brightness of light
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8
Q

lens

A
  • located behind pupil ad between anterior/ posterior chambers
  • is in a constant state of adjustment
  • thinner or thicker to accommodate input
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9
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma
  • low protein concentration
  • fills anterior and posterior chambers of teh eye
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10
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • located in space between lens and retina
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11
Q

rods

A
  • night vision

- found in retina

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12
Q

cones

A
  • color vision

- found in retina

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13
Q

proptosis

A
  • displacement of eye forward

- i.e. graves disease, enlargement of lacrimal glands from inflammation or neoplasm

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14
Q

eyelid

A
  • skin found externally
  • conjunctiva- mucosa found on surface apposed to eye
  • generate critical components of tear film
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15
Q

chalazion

A
  • sebaceous gland becomes obstructed
  • sebum leaks out which is rich in lipids
  • collects under skin -> chalazion
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16
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

lines interior of eyelid

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17
Q

bulbar conjunctiva

A

covers surface of eye

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18
Q

limbus

A

intersection between sclera and cornea

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19
Q

what types of conjuctivitis cause conjunctival scarring?

A

chlamydia infections

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20
Q

pinguencula

A
  • submucosal elevation on conjunctiva from UV damage
  • yellow patch or bump on conjunctiva
  • occurs near cornea
  • deposits of proteins, fat or calcium
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21
Q

pterygium

A
  • traingular shaped growth of fleshy tissue on white of eye that extends over cornea
  • often develops from pinguecula
22
Q

myosis

A
  • eye is too long
  • light gets focused in front of retina
  • short sighted
23
Q

hyperopia

A
  • eye is too short
  • light rays get focused behind retina
  • long sighted
24
Q

keratitis and ulcers of cornea

A
  • bacterial, fungal or viral causes
  • viral- HSV or VZV
  • protozoal- acanthamoeba
25
Q

corneal degeneration

A
  • non-hereditary diseases

- can be either unilateral or bilateral

26
Q

corneal dystrophies

A
  • inherited diseases

- usually bilateral

27
Q

keratoconus

A
  • progressive thinning and ectasia of cornea
  • no evidence of inflammation of vascularization
  • causes conical cornea
  • associated with down syndrome
28
Q

fuchs endothelial dystrophy

A
  • loss of endothelial cells -> edema and thickening within cornea
  • manifests as stromal edema and bulbous keratophaty
  • common indication of corneal transplant
29
Q

pseudophakatic bullous keratophathy

A
  • endothelial cells decrease following cataract surgery
30
Q

boarders of anterior chamber

A
  • cornea
  • trabecular meshwork
  • iris
31
Q

aqueous humor production

A
  • formed by ciliary body
  • enters posterior chamber and bathes lens
  • circulates through the pupil to gain access to anterior chamber
  • filtered through trabecular meshwork and goes into schelmm’s canal
32
Q

cataracts

A
  • lens becomes opaque
  • due to protein degradation
  • can be from age, diabetes, steroids, radiation, trauma
33
Q

open angle glaucoma

A
  • drainage angle formed by cornea and iris is open
  • trabecular meshwork is partially blocked
  • mostly due to genetics
34
Q

closed angle glaucoma

A
  • iris bulges forward to narrow or block drainage angle formed by cornea and iris
  • is a medical emergency
  • main cause is hyperopia
35
Q

endophthalmitis

A

inflammation of vitreous humor

36
Q

panophthalmitis

A

inflammation within the eye that involves retina, choroid, and sclera and extends into orbit

37
Q

opthalmitis

A
  • intraocular inflammation
  • vessels in ciliary body and iris become leaky which allows cells and exudate to accumulate in anterior chamber
  • can cause adhesions
38
Q

anterior synechiae

A
  • iris falls forward onto cornea

- causes increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage

39
Q

posterior synechiae

A
  • iris fall backwards onto lens

- causes anterior subcapsular cataract

40
Q

retinal detachment

A

separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium

41
Q

retinal arteriosclerosis

A
  • thickened arteriolar wall -> narrowed vessels

- change of blood color from bright rd to copper and silver

42
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A
  • thickening of basement membrane of retinal vessels and ciliary body
  • can be either non- proliferative or proliferative
43
Q

non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A
  • thick BM
  • microaneurysms
  • macular edema
  • exudates
44
Q

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A
  • neuovascularization
  • traction retinal detachment
  • neovascular glaucoma
45
Q

what is the main symptom of retinal vessel occlusion?

A

painless loss of vision

46
Q

pathogenesis of retinal vessel occlusions

A
  • virchow’s triad of thrombogenesis
  • atheroscerotic changes
  • damage to retinal vessel wall -> stasis, thrombosis, occlusion
47
Q

risk factors for retinal vessel occlusions

A
  • age
  • HTN
  • hyperlipidemia
  • DM
  • smoking
  • increased intraocular pressure
  • oral contraceptive pills
48
Q

central retinal artery occlusion

A
  • sudden cessation of blood supply
  • retina swells and acutely becomes optically opaque
  • associated with cherry- red spot
49
Q

retinal vein occlusion

A
  • second most common retinal vascular disease
  • veins are thinned walled and leak more easily
  • causes flame-shaped hemorrhages
50
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A
  • mutation in rods and cones or RPE -> apoptosis of rods and cones
  • get varying degrees of visual impairment -> tunnel vision
  • fairly common
  • retinal atrophy is accompanied by constriction of retinal vessels and optic nerve head atrophy
  • retinal pigment epithelium leaks out due to degredation
51
Q

retinoblastoma

A
  • most common primary intraocular malignancy in kids
  • arises when retinal progenitor suffers second hit
  • LOF of RB gene
52
Q

optic nerve pailledema

A
  • tumor or increased CSF pressure -> nerve compression -> edema at head of optic nerve
  • typically bilateral
  • not associated with visual loss

Patho 2 (15 decks)

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