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Patho 2 > Ch 16- Head and Neck > Flashcards

Ch 16- Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the upper airways

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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2
Q

infectious rhinitis

A
  • aka common cold
  • profuse catarrhal discharge
  • may extend to pharyngotonsililitis
  • secondary bacterial infection may happen
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3
Q

what are the most common causes of infectious rhinitis

A
  • adenoviruse
  • echovirus
  • rhinovirus
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4
Q

what happens in the acute stage of infectious rhinitis

A
  • nasal mucosa that is thickened, edematous, and red
  • nasal cavities narrowed
  • turbinates enlarged
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5
Q

mucopurulent discharge

A

mucus and pus combo

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6
Q

suppurative discharge

A

pus only discharge

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7
Q

allergic rhinnitis

A
  • aka hay fever
  • hypersensitivity rxn
  • IgE mediated
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8
Q

what is the main difference between asthma and allergic rhinitis?

A
  • both IgE mediated
  • main dif is where it occurs
  • asthma- lungs
  • allergic rhinitis- upper airways
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9
Q

characteristics of allergic rhinitis

A
  • mucosal edema
  • redness
  • mucus secretion
  • leukocytic infiltration with eosinophils
  • sx related to histamine released by mast cells
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10
Q

nasal polyps

A
  • due to repeated infections causing enlargement
  • mucus has neutrophils, eosinophils, and plasma cells
  • can become ulcerated or infected
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11
Q

sinusitis

A
  • inflammation of lining of paranasal sinuses

- usually seen with concurrent rhinitis

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12
Q

what is the main/most basic cause of sinusitis?

A
  • decreased ciliary action
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13
Q

clinical features of sinusitis

A
  • facial pain
  • red nose, cheeks, eyelids
  • postnasal discharge
  • blocked nose
  • persistent cough or pharyngeal irritation
  • hyposmia
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14
Q

most common causes of pharyngitis and tonsillitis

A
  • rhinovirus
  • echovirus
  • adenovirus
  • beta-hemolytic streptococci (for bacterial causes)
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15
Q

pathophys of sinusitis

A
  • impaired drainage of sinus by inflammatory edema -> infection/ empyema of sinus
  • outflow obstruction can cause mucocele
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16
Q

clinical features of pharyngitis and tonsillitis

A
  • reddening and edema of mucosa

- reactive enlargement of tonsils and lymph nodes

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17
Q

what is the pseudomembrane in pharyngitis

A
  • pharynx gets infected and exudate forms
  • is the pseudomembrane
  • sign of bacterial infection
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18
Q

follicular tonsililitis

A
  • enlarged, reddened tonsils

- have white dots on them due to exudate

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19
Q

what can develop as a result of untreated streptococcal sore throats?

A
  • rheumatic fever

- glomerulonephritis

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20
Q

nasopharyngeal carinomas

A
  • rare in US
  • associated with EBV
  • heredity and age also play a role in development
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21
Q

patterns of nasopharyngeal carinomas

A
  • keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma - difficult to treat
  • non-keratinizing SCC- highly radiosensitive
  • undifferentiated- nonneoplastic lymphocytes
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22
Q

cinical presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A
  • nasal obstruction
  • epistaxis
  • cervical lymph nodes mets
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23
Q

what are some causes of laryngitis

A
  • allergic reaction
  • virus
  • bacteria
  • chemical insult
  • heavy exposure to environmental toxins
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24
Q

croup

A
  • aka laryngotracheobronchitis
  • occurs in children
  • inflammatory narrowing of airway -> inspiratory stridor
25
Q

laryngitis in smokers

A
  • predisposes them to squamous epithelial metaplasia

- leads to squamous cell carinomas

26
Q

singers nodules

A
  • bilateral lesions on vocal cords

- occurs due to excessive strain

27
Q

vocal cord nodules and polyps

A
  • smooth, rounded
  • sessile or pedunculated (no stalk or stalk)
  • located on true vocal fold
  • covered in squamous epithelium
  • can ulcerate
  • almost never cancerous
28
Q

symptoms of vocal cord nodules

A
  • change in voice

- progressive hoarseness

29
Q

laryngeal squamous papilloma

A
  • benign neoplasm
  • usually located on true vocal fold
  • raspberry-like small proliferations
  • not malignant but often reoccur
30
Q

cause of laryngeal squamous papilloma

A
  • HPV types 6 and 11

- often single nodes in adult and multiple in kids

31
Q

laryngeal carinomas

A
  • typically SCC chronic smokers
  • usually males in 60’s
  • manifests as hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia
32
Q

contributing factors to laryngeal carinomas

A
  • nutritional factors
  • exposure to asbestos
  • irradiation
  • infection with HPV
33
Q

acute/ chronic otitis

A
  • mostly in infants and children
  • usually viral (serous)
  • can be bacterial (suppurative)
34
Q

common cause of acute otitis media

A
  • s. pneumoniae
  • h. influenzae
  • m. catarrhalis
35
Q

common cause of chronic otitis media

A
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • staph. aureus
  • fungus
36
Q

complications of chronic otitis media

A
  • perforation of ear canal
  • temporal cerebritis or abscess (very serious)
  • spread into mastoid space
  • cholesteatomas- abnormal fluid filled cysts in middle ear
37
Q

otosclerosis

A
  • abnormal bone deposition in middle hear at oval window
  • aka fibrous ankylosis of footplate
  • usually affects both ears
  • degree of immobilization directly related to hearing loss
38
Q

branchial cyst

A
  • congenital cyst due to failure of 2nd branchial cleft/ pharyngeal cleft in embryonic development
  • common in adults 20- 40 y/o
  • found along SCM
  • enlarge slowly
  • rarely malignant
39
Q

clinical features of branchial cyst

A
  • dysphagia
  • dysphonia
  • dyspnea
  • stridor
  • contents may be clear and watery or mucinous with cellular debris
40
Q

thryoglossal duct cyst

A
  • cysts that are left over when thyroid migrates from base of tongue into neck before birth
  • connected to back of tongue
  • lie in front of adam’s apple
41
Q

paraganglioma

A
  • aka carotid body tumor
  • carotid body = chemoreceptor
  • dev from primitive neural cells
  • trigger is chronic hypoxia
  • can be benign of malignant
42
Q

xerostomia

A
  • dry mouth
  • prevalent in elderly
  • present as dry mucosa and/or atrophy of papillae of tongue
  • fissuring and ulceration of tongue
43
Q

causes of xerostomia

A
  • sjogren syndrome (autoimmune)
  • radiation therapy
  • many medications
44
Q

complications of xerostomia

A
  • dental caries
  • candidiasis
  • difficulty speaking or swallowing
45
Q

mucocele

A
  • common lesion of salivary gland
  • usually found on lower lip
  • often due to trauma
  • most common in toddlers, young adults, and elderly
46
Q

cause of mucocele

A
  • block or rupture of salivary gland duct

- consequential leakage of saliva into surrounding CT

47
Q

presentation of mucocele

A
  • fluctuant swelling of lower lip
  • blue translucent hue
  • filled with mucin and inflammatory cells, especially macrophages
48
Q

ranula

A
  • mucocele in floor of mouth
  • epithelial lined cysts
  • occur when duct of sublingual gland has been damaged
49
Q

plunging ranula

A
  • cyst that has dissected through CT connecting two bellies of mylohyoid muscle
50
Q

sialadenitis

A
  • infection of salivary gland
  • unilateral involvement of a single gland
  • inflammation -> painful enlargement and purulent duct discharge
  • can be due to secondary ductal obstruction produced by stones
51
Q

causes of sialadenitis

A
  • trauma
  • virus- most common mumps
  • bacteria- s. aureus or strep viridans
  • autoimmune disease
52
Q

salivary gland neoplasms

A
  • uncommon
  • smaller the gland the more likely its malignant
  • generally detected quickly because of rapid growth
  • 90% are benign
53
Q

pleomorphic adenoma

A
  • benign, mixed tumor of salivary gland
  • has epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells
  • most common type of salivary gland tumor
  • most common tumor of parotid
  • radiation increases risk
  • may lead to adenocarcinoma
54
Q

symptoms of pleomorphic adenoma

A
  • painless
  • slow growing
  • mobile
  • discrete mass
  • found in parotid or submandibular areas, or buccal cavity
55
Q

warthin tumor

A
  • 2nd most common salivary gland tumor
  • benign
  • exclusively found in parotid
  • smokers are at a 8 times greater risk of development
56
Q

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A
  • variable mixture of squamous cells, mucus secreting cells, and intermediate cells
  • mainly found in parotid
57
Q

cause of mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

due to MECT1- MAML2 gene fusion

58
Q

cause of pleomorphic carcinoma

A

mutation in PLAG1 gene

Patho 2 (15 decks)

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