Nutrition

Question 1

classification of carbohydrates

Answer 1

• simple carbs (mono and disaccharides)

- complex carbs (amylose and amylopectin)

Question 2

glycemic index (GI)

Answer 2

• measure of impact on CHO containing foods on blood glucose

- depends on rapidity of digestion and absorption

Question 3

low GI

Answer 3

• 55 or less

- fruits, veggies, beans, minimally process grains, pasta, low fat dairy foods, nuts

Question 4

moderate GI

Answer 4

• 56-69

- white and sweet potatoes, corn, white rice, couscous, cereal

Question 5

high GI

Answer 5

• 70 or higher

- white bread, rice cakes, crackers, bagels, cakes, doughnuts, croissants

Question 6

glycemic load (GL)

Answer 6

• incorp both quality and quantity of CHO

Question 7

what foods have high GL

Answer 7

• CHO ric foods

- low fiber content

Question 8

what foods have low GL

Answer 8

• whole grains, fruits, vegetables

- high fiber content

Question 9

low GL

Answer 9

10 or less

Question 10

medium GL

Answer 10

11-19

Question 11

high GL

Answer 11

20 or more

Question 12

to achieve a lower GL

Answer 12

• replace CHO with protein
• replace CHO with fat
• replace high HI CHO with low GI CHO
• combine all three

Question 13

effect of high GL diets on coronary artery disease

Answer 13

• hypercoagulability
• hypercholesterolemia
• state of hyperglycemia
• insulin resistant state may be proinflammatory
• HTN

Question 14

how does high GL cause hypercoagulability

Answer 14

• increase in serum platlet factors

- i.e. fibrinogen and vWF

Question 15

how does high GL cause hypercholesterolemia

Answer 15

• accumulation of visceral fat
• reduction in lipoprotein lipase activity
• reduced clearance of TGs

Question 16

why is insulin resistance pro-inflammatory?

Answer 16

• expression inflammatory mediator TNF alpha by adipose tissue associated with plasma insulin

Question 17

how does high GL cause HTN

Answer 17

• oxidative stress -> reduced NO -> increased vascular and sympathetic tone
• angiotensinogen by adipose tissue -> activation of renin-angiotensin system

Question 18

fructose

Answer 18

• monosaccharide
• found naturally in fruits and honey
• high fructose corn syrup is similar to table sugar (sucrose)
• excessive fructose consumption -> insulin resistance, obesity, HTN, dyslipidemia, DM

Question 19

types of fiber

Answer 19

• soluble

- insoluble

Question 20

soluble fiber

Answer 20

• helps lower glucose levels of blood cholesterol

- foods with soluble fiber include oatmeal, nuts, beans, lentils, apples, blueberries

Question 21

insoluble fiber

Answer 21

• helps food move through digestive system
• promotes regularity and preventing constipation
• wheat, whole wheat bread, whole grain couscous, brown rice, legumes

Question 22

building blocks of fat

Answer 22

• glycerol

- fatty acids

Question 23

what type of fat is usually saturated

Answer 23

solid fat like butter or lard

Question 24

what type of fat is unsaturated

Answer 24

• liquid fat like vegetable oil
• essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body
• must be included in diet

Question 25

what are the essential fatty acids

Answer 25

- omega 3 | - omega 6

Question 26

unsaturated fats

Answer 26

- "good fats" - monosaturated vs. polyunsaturated - poly is best

Question 27

trans fat

Answer 27

- increases disease risk even in small quantities | - decreases HDL, increases LDL, pro-inflammatory

Question 28

saturated fats

Answer 28

- best consumed in moderation | - i.e. red meat, butter, cheese

Question 29

omega 6 metabolism

Answer 29

- converted to linoleic acid and then arachadonic acid | - AA is pro-inflammatory and enhances tumor growth

Question 30

omega 3 metabolism

Answer 30

- converted to EPA and DHA - EPA and DHA are anti-inflammatory and inhibit tumor growth - due to low efficiency of conversion, recommended obtain EPA and DHA from other food sources

Question 31

function of essential fatty acids

Answer 31

- affect cell membrane properties like fluidity, permeability - DHA helps vision - important for nervous system- brain has high levels of DHA and AA

Question 32

obesity and cancer

Answer 32

- obesity associated with hyperinsulinemia, increased LDL, decreased HDL - leads to increased IGF-1 - IGF-1 is mitogenic and antiapoptotic -> cancer

Question 33

pathways that mediate trans fats with CVDD

Answer 33

- serum lipid concentratins (increased LDL and TG, decreased HDL) - systemic inflammation - endothelial cell function (reduced NO)

Question 34

proteins

Answer 34

- need to be hydrolyzed by proteases and peptidases | - broken down in to AA, dipeptides, or tripeptides in small intestine

Question 35

what do AA provide

Answer 35

- Nitrogen - hydrocarbon skeletons - sulfer - essential precursors for synthesis of proteins, peptides, and other substances - essential for health, growth, development, reproduction, lactation, and survival

Question 36

which protein source is more biologically available

Answer 36

- animal proteins

Question 37

metabolism

Answer 37

all chemical reactions in cells

Question 38

calorie

Answer 38

- unit for expressing quantity of energy released from different foods - 1 calorie= quantity of heat required to raise temp of 1 gram of water 1 degree C - Calorie= 1000 calories

Question 39

basam metabolic rate

Answer 39

- minimum level of energy required to exist | - normally 65-70 Calories/hr in average 70 kg male

Question 40

CNS integrates inputs from

Answer 40

- long term energy stores i.e. leptin | - short term meal related signals

Question 41

what whappens in the CNS in response to energy deprivation

Answer 41

- increased reward properties of food | - reduced response of satiety signals

Question 42

leptin

Answer 42

- produced by adipose cells - inhibits hunger - plasma levels are proportionate to body fat stores - act on neurons that regulate energy balance

Question 43

what happens in response to acute and chronic energy deficiency in the brain

Answer 43

- increases feeding - increases hepatic glucose production by increasing glucagon and corticosterone - conserves energy by suppressing HPT axis