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Earth resources, Impacts and Sustainability > Seismology intro lecture information > Flashcards

Seismology intro lecture information Flashcards

1
Q

What does siesmic well data allow the mapping of?

A

The trap on a scale of km to 10’s km

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2
Q

What does bore/ well data allow for?

A

Mapping of a small horizontal area (~10cm) but gives deth and geological information

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3
Q

What does the creation of geological wells allow for?

A

The drawing out or placing of materials

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4
Q

What is the energy transition?

A

The phasing out of hydrocarbon based energy sources due to high ghg emissions and move towards lower carbon emission sources (renewable and nuclear)

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5
Q

What is is hard to tell fro seismic imaging?

A

WHat fluid a trap holds (most water but some might hold oil or gas)

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6
Q

How is imaging of oil filled traps being produced?

A

By comparing the compressibility of the hydrocarbons and water

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7
Q

What is CCS?

A

Carbon Capture Storage

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8
Q

WHat does CCS do?

A

Capture excess carbon dioxide and placing back in the geological traps

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9
Q

What is an example of an early CCS plant?

A

Sleipner in the NOrwegian north sea

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10
Q

WHat is produced at Sleipner?

A

Methane from relatively deep geological traps but 10% CO2 with methane and CO2 emission not allowed into atmo so pumped back undeground to shallower trap

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11
Q

What is a crucial issue of any CCS scheme?

A

Monitoring to make sure that CO2 trap is not breached (as would eneter ocean and atmosphere)

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12
Q

How are CO2 traps monitored?

A

Time Lapse siesmic monitoring

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13
Q

How do we know the seal of CCS hasnt been breached?

A

When the amount of CO2 injected matches the amount stored

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14
Q

How can CCS help battle intermittent renewables?

A

By producing and storing hydrogen gas underground

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15
Q

What type of temperature is being looked for for ultra deep geothermal?

A

150c which is much higher then current production areas

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16
Q

WHat are the 4 basic things all seismic techniques have in common?

A

Source (siesmic waves)
Reciever (pick up vibrations)
Processing (into image)
INterpret (image in terms of geology)

17
Q

What are seismic sources at sea made up of?

A

Air guns which build up in pressure then release an air buble which when it collpases produces a bang which is seismic source

18
Q

How can layers be interpreted from seismic reflection data?

A

Whenever a change in layer occurs a small amount of the wave will be reflected back (density/ property changes)

19
Q

What are the seismic recivers called in a marine survey?

A

Hydrophones

20
Q

WHat is the systems of multiple hydrophones called?

A

multi-channel streamer

21
Q

What is turned into a seismic image?

A

Amplitude over time

22
Q

How are faults shown in seismic reflection?

A

Indicated by a loss of reflection

23
Q

Why is depth halve the distance travelled by the seismic ray?

A

As it is 2 way time (time to hit the layer and bounce back)

24
Q

What are the 3 steps of ccs?

A

Capture
TRansport
Storage

25
Q

How much co2 has currenlty been sotred underground?

A

300 million tonnes

26
Q

What is deep geological storage also known as?

A

geo-sequestration

27
Q

what 3 things are needed for a deep geological stroage site? (co2)

A

Reservoir
topseal
trap

28
Q

WHat characteristic is wanted from the reservoir rock for ccs?

A

Needs to be both porous (fraction of rock that can hold co2) and permeable (higher permeability to allow co2 migration into the reservoir)

29
Q

WHat are the 2 main groups of resevoir rock?

A

Sandstones
Carbonates

30
Q

WHat are the characteritics of a good seal?

A

Non-porous
Non-permeable

31
Q

WHat is the top seal?

A

Wont let gas or liquid through

32
Q

WHat qualities are needed for seal rocks?

A

Impermeable
Ductile
Located immeditely above the resevoir rock
Laterally persistent.

33
Q

What is a geological trap?

A

structure that contains both a resevoir rock and a seal arranged so that buoyant pore fluid in the resevoir is trapped y the seal

34
Q

WHat is a key thing a successful trap needs?

A

4 way closure

35
Q

What is needed in 3d for a trap to be sucessful?

A

Needs to form a dome

Earth resources, Impacts and Sustainability (12 decks)

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