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Earth resources, Impacts and Sustainability > GIS and remote sensing principles and applications > Flashcards

GIS and remote sensing principles and applications Flashcards

1
Q

How are different features distinguished in GIS?

A

Layers

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2
Q

What is the name for layers precisely overlaying each other in GIS?

A

georeferenced

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3
Q

What areas is GIS routinely used?

A

Mapping
surveying
Spatial analysis

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4
Q

What are RASTER?

A

images composed of grid cells representing real world features as individual pixels
facets in the image are not individual objects and cannot readily be delimited

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5
Q

What are VECTOR files?

A

composed of points, lines, polygons and vertices/paths
Can be delimited and spatially analysed

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6
Q

What will all geogrphical data in GIS have?

A

coordinates as a CRS projection

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7
Q

What do you have to do to setup GIS?

A

Set project CRS
Import geographical data
Select datas CRS
Let GIS transform it into the project CRS

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8
Q

What happens if there is an invalid CRS translation?

A

A null island at corodiantes 00 is created

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9
Q

What are the pros and cons ArcGIS?

A

Standard software
Licensed
Powerful
Unintuative to learn
Multiple apps - ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcGlobe

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10
Q

What is QGIS?

A

Open source software
INcreasing use globaly
Powerful
Single programme file

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11
Q

What are some example data sources for use in GIS?

A

Fieldwork
Local data sets
Present day maps
Digimap historic
Satellite data
Aerial photography
Earth surface topographic data

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12
Q

What are common applications of remote sensing?

A

Vegetation mapping (deforestation, type/ density)
Environmental impact (war zones, pollution)
Water quality (i.e., algal blooms)
Wildfire/ natural hazard mapping
Urban growth/ decline
Ice area/ volume changes
Emergency disaster management

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13
Q

What are the features of passive remote sensing?

A

Routine applications
Cheaper
Longer lifespan
Limited range of uses

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14
Q

What are the features of actove remote sensing?

A

Specialist applications
Expensive
Typically shorter lifespan
Very limited range of uses

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15
Q

How does satellite remote sensing work?

A

multiple photos of same scene taken
Each photo is of a narrow wave length
These photos can be analysed individually or together

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16
Q

What are some mineral exploration techniques?

A

Geological mapping
Remote sensing
QUantitative evaluation of sub-economic reserves
Geophysical propecting
Environmental sampling

17
Q

How does unsupervised classification work?

A

Choose the number of classes (colours) to be detected
Computer automatically analyses each
pixel and divides across the number of
classes

18
Q

What are the pros and cons of unsupervised classification?

A

Rapid but only identifies major features
(e.g. water vs land, ice vs no ice, etc.)
Non-subjective
Can lack accuracy

19
Q

How does supervised classification work?

A

Use training image to manually select specific colours or colour ranges as classes
Select VERY small areas with minimal colour variation
Select as many classes as needed

20
Q

What are the pros and setbacks of supervised classification?

A

Identified minor details
Depends on quality of dataset and how distinct
When done well can be very accurate

21
Q

What is unsupervised classification good for?

A

Useful for vegetation mapping and automatically determining extents of physical features (sand dunes, mudflats, river channels, etc.)

22
Q

What can numerical analyses be useful for mapping?

A

Vegetation surveys and land characterization
Quarries – quantitative resource evaluations
Mineral surveys at variety of scales
Fossil exposures (e.g. fossil concentrations, palaeoenvironmental data)

23
Q

What is LIDAR?

A

Measures the height of land on a fine temporal resolution and used to build 3D models of land surfaces. Calibrated to fixed points.

24
Q

What is the resolution of LIDAR?

A

Varies from 25–5 m, but typically 1 data point per 1m2

25
Q

What is the accuracy of LIDAR?

A

Typically 10-20cm,
Datasets can be assumed to be internally consistent

26
Q

What are the applications of LIDAR?

A

Use data from successive dates to quantify absolute changes in land height
Quantify volumes of loss/gain e.g. quarrying, overburden, waste piles
Relate to known phenomena (e.g. storms, dredging, etc.)

27
Q

What is INSAR data?

A

Inferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

28
Q

What is INSAR used for?

A

Radar mapping ground deformation
Measures subsidence and heave associated with
groundwater resource use or tectonic movement

29
Q

What is the positive of INSAR?

A

Radar penetrates cloud and darkness, unlike visible
or infrared light so excellent global coverage

30
Q

What are environmental impact risk assesments?

A

Construct semi-quantitative evaluations based on occurrence
Likelihood versus severity

31
Q

What are environmental impact risk assesments useful for?

A

Managing environemntal impacts

Earth resources, Impacts and Sustainability (12 decks)

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