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Unit 2 - Intro To Biology > Segment 4 - Cellular Structure & Function > Flashcards

Segment 4 - Cellular Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

He was the first to discover cells in 1965

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2
Q

Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A

Was the first to witness a live cell under a microscope

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3
Q

Which microscope can be used to explore internal structures within a cell and magnifies to approx. 100,000 times? Scanning electron microscope OR regular electron microscope?

A

Regular electron microscope

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4
Q

Which microscopes can be used to see smaller structures such as proteins and lipids?

A

A scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope

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5
Q

What is cellular theory?

A

Principles that define the characteristics of cells

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6
Q

Who developed the cellular theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

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7
Q

There are 2 types of cells. True OR False?

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What are the types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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9
Q

All living organisms are made of cells? True OR False?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Atoms are basic units of life. True OR False?

A

FALSE. Cells are the basic units of life

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11
Q

Where do cells come from?

A

Preexisting cells

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12
Q

Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell. True OR False?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Chemical composition varies between cells. True OR False?

A

FALSE. All cells have the same basic chemical composition

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14
Q

Energy flows within cells. True OR False?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

It separates the cells interior from its exterior (outside) environment

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16
Q

What is cytosol?

A

A jelly-like fluid

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17
Q

Where is cytosol found?

A

In the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Specialized structures containing specific functions within the cytoplasm of a cell

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19
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

They carry genes through DNA

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20
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

They synthesize proteins

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21
Q

What is a defining feature of a prokaryote?

A

They are significantly smaller than eukaryotes and are single celled (unicellular) organisms

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22
Q

Bacteria is a type of eukaryote. True OR False?

A

FALSE. Bacteria is a prokaryote

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23
Q

A prokaryote contains no nucleus. True OR False?

A

TRUE

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24
Q

What is the hair like appendages that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces called?

A

Pili

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25
Q

What is the singular of pili?

A

Pilus

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26
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

Provides structural support and protection for a cell

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27
Q

The plasma membrane is made up of what?

A

Fats and proteins

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28
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Sugar containing layer part of the bacterial cellular membrane

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29
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Where all the material within a cell is enclosed

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30
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

DNA

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31
Q

What is a difference in DNA between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

The DNA in prokaryotes is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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32
Q

What is the tail like appendage used for mobility in bacteria called?

A

The flagellum

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33
Q

What is the substance made up of sugar and proteins that forms the cell wall called?

A

Peptidoglycan

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34
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer

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35
Q

What is escherichia coli?

A

A type of bacterial prokaryote known for making humans ill

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36
Q

What is streptococcus pyogenes?

A

A bacterial prokaryote known for causing strep throat in humans

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37
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

An organism that is able to thrive in harsh environments such as Archaea

38
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

Mostly multicellular organism

39
Q

There are Eukaryotes that are unicellular. True OR False?

A

TRUE

40
Q

Eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus? True OR False?

A

TRUE

41
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A semipermeable protein molecule with carbohydrates attached

42
Q

What do you call the protein molecule that filters waste and acts as an internal regulator?

A

A glycoprotein

43
Q

What do you call the finger like projections along the cell’s plasma membrane that absorbs nutrients from food and blood?

A

Microvilli

44
Q

Organelle is derived from which term?

A

Organ

45
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Specialized subunits suspended within the cytoplasm

46
Q

The nucleus is the ___ of the cell.

A

Brain

47
Q

Nucleus is responsible for…

A

Controlling DNA transcription and protein synthesis by determining which proteins to make

48
Q

A nuclear envelope is a ______ that surrounds the nucleus and offers an extra layer of protection.

A

Double membrane

49
Q

What happens if DNA is damaged?

A

It could die or produce non viable daughter cells

50
Q

The nucleolus is the smaller region within the nucleus that is responsible for producing ______ but isn’t actually an organelle.

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

Ribosomes are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. True OR False?

A

FALSE. Ribosomes are found free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells only.

52
Q

What is rRNA?

A

The cellular components that build proteins

53
Q

Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis contain less ribosomes than others. True OR False?

A

FALSE. They contain more ribosomes that others

54
Q

The endomembrane system carries out cell tasks such as _______ and ______.

A

Protein synthesis and detoxification

55
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The plasma membrane within the endomembrane system

56
Q

What are the sacs and tubules within the endoplasmic reticulum called?

A

Cisternae

57
Q

What are the internal parts of cisternae called?

A

Lumen

58
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth and rough

59
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum works with ribosomes to produce proteins

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

How many ribosomes does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contain? (Non numeric)

A

Few or none

61
Q

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To produce lipids or fats

62
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Finishes producing protein and lipid products

63
Q

What are vesicles and how do they differ from vacuoles?

A

Vesicles are bubble like sacs used for transport and are smaller than vacuoles

64
Q

What face of the Golgi apparatus is the receiving end?

A

The cis face

65
Q

What do you call the side of the Golgi apparatus where finished proteins leave?

A

The trans face

66
Q

Mitochondria is the ______ of the cell.

A

Powerhouse

67
Q

ATP is generated by ______.

A

The mitochondria

68
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

69
Q

Adenosine triphosphate is the energy carrying molecule produced by cellular respiration. True or False?

A

TRUE

70
Q

What do you call the process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients and then turning it into carbon waste?

A

Cellular respiration

71
Q

The mitochondria has its own DNA. True OR False?

A

TRUE

72
Q

Nuclear DNA survives longer than mitochondrial DNA. True OR False?

A

FALSE. Mitochondrial DNA survives much longer after cell death

73
Q

What is cristae?

A

The folds within the inner membrane layer of the mitochondria

74
Q

Lysosomes are the ______ center

A

Recycling

75
Q

Lysosomes turn recycled material into products such as _____ and _____.

A

Amino acids and peptides

76
Q

Autophagy is the process of ______ cell material.

A

Recycling

77
Q

How do peroxisomes differ from lysosomes?

A

Peroxisomes only primarily break down lipids and fat

78
Q

Exocytosis is the ______ of stored molecules.

A

Release

79
Q

What do you call the process of molecules being brought into a cell?

A

Endocytosis

80
Q

Compared to animals cells, plant cells are typically _____.

A

Larger

81
Q

The organelle that carries out photosynthesis is called a _____.

A

Chloroplast

82
Q

Thylakoids form stacks called ______.

A

Grana

83
Q

A plastid that produces and stores starch from plants is called an ______.

A

Amyloplast

84
Q

Unlike in animals, vacuoles also provide _________ in plants.

A

Structural support

85
Q

Where do you find chlorophyll in plants?

A

The chloroplast

86
Q

Chlorophyll does what?

A

Absorb sunlight

87
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of converting solar energy into sugars in plants.

88
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Sacs that form the inner membrane of plant cells

89
Q

_____ is the fluid outside of the grana that contains ribosomes and chloroplast DNA.

A

Stroma

90
Q

Chloroplasts belong to which family of organelles

A

Plastids

91
Q

What is the organelle that gives pigments to fruit and veggies?

A

Chromoplasts

92
Q

Starch can be converted into what?

A

Glucose

Unit 2 - Intro To Biology (4 decks)

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