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Unit 2 - Intro To Biology > Segment 3 - Biological Chemistry > Flashcards

Segment 3 - Biological Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biological chemistry?

A

The study of chemical reactions and paths of living cells by combining biology and chemistry

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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Extremely large molecules composed of thousands of atoms

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3
Q

What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules?

A

Proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

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4
Q

What is carbon

A

The predominant atom in biology and forms the basis of life

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5
Q

What do you call the polymers composed of a-amino acids

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Consists of large molecules

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7
Q

What does the Greek “a” in a-amino acids stand for?

A

Alpha

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8
Q

An _____ is a molecule with amine and carboxyl functional groups.

A

Amino acid

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9
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties

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10
Q

How many alpha aminos are there?

A

20

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11
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be obtained through food

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12
Q

What is a nonessential amino acid?

A

A naturally produced or occurring amino acid within the body

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13
Q

A ____ chain is what gives each amino acid it’s unique properties.

A

Side

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14
Q

Glycine is the simplest amino acid. True OR False?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What atom is found in the side chain for glycine?

A

1 hydrogen atom

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16
Q

What are peptides?

A

Short chains of amino acids

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17
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

Through a dehydration reaction

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18
Q

When a hydrogen molecule is given up this is called a _____.

A

Dehydration reaction

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19
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Chains of many acids connected through peptide bonds

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20
Q

_____ in an amino acid in a peptide or polypeptide that remains after a water molecule is removed.

A

Residue

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21
Q

Peptides have a greater molecular mass than proteins. True OR False?

A

FALSE. Proteins have a molecular mass of 5,000-40 million

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22
Q

What is the hierarchical system of protein structures in order from least to greatest?

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

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23
Q

_____ structure is the connection of amino acid residues to form polypeptide chains.

A

Primary

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24
Q

_____ structure is the 3D shape of a protein largely driven by hydrophobic area of protein within the structure.

A

Tertiary

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25
Q

____ structure is the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains to form a larger protein.

A

Quaternary

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26
Q

______ structure is hydrogen binding between the hydrogen on the nitrogen of one reissued and the carbonyl carbon of another.

A

Secondary

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27
Q

How is an a-helix formed?

A

When a peptide chain coils and hydrogen bonds form between them

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28
Q

An a-helix right handed. True OR False

A

TRUE

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29
Q

What is the structural protein found in human hair and nails?

A

Beta keratin

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30
Q

What do you call the sheets that bond between amino hydrogens and carbonyl oxygen?

A

Beta pleated sheets

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31
Q

What is the protein that breaks other protein down into smaller peptides and amino acids for nutrition?

A

Pepsin

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32
Q

_____ is the process of a protein unfolding from its native structure.

A

Denaturation

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33
Q

Denaturation can be reversed. True OR False?

A

FALSE. It is a typically irreversible process

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34
Q

What causes a protein to unfold?

A

Changes in pH, temp, and salt concentration

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35
Q

What is the protein that catalyzes reactions?

A

An enzyme

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36
Q

A catalyst speeds up reactions by _______ activation energy of the reaction.

A

Lowering

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37
Q

What is the reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme?

A

Substrate

38
Q

What is the lock an key model?

A

Suggests substrates must fit perfectly into the shape of an enzyme

39
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

Suggests substrates can form to the enzyme for a better fit

40
Q

What is the structural protein found in skin?

A

Collagen

41
Q

What reaction causes curly hair?

A

Disulfide bonding of amino acids

42
Q

What protein transports oxygen in mammals?

A

Hemoglobin

43
Q

What protein hormone communicates blood sugar and helps regulate metabolism and sugar storage?

A

Insulin

44
Q

What is the most abundant and naturally occurring compound that serves as a primary energy source for plants and animals?

A

Carbohydrates

45
Q

What is glucose?

A

A simple 6 carbon sugar

46
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar molecule found in carbs

47
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 bonded sugar molecules in carbs

48
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymer chains of sugars found in carbs

49
Q

What is lactase?

A

The protein found in milk

50
Q

What is a biopolymer?

A

Polymers of biological molecules including polysaccharides

51
Q

_____ stores energy in the muscles and livers of humans and other animals.

A

Glycogen

52
Q

_____ are water soluble helical structures with alcohol groups readily available for hydrogen bonding.

A

Starches

53
Q

How many carbon atoms are in monosaccharides?

A

5 or 6

54
Q

Monosaccharides can be broken down into simpler sugars. True OR False?

A

FALSE. They are already the simplest of sugars

55
Q

Monosaccharides contain which group? Carbonyl or carboxyl?

A

Carbonyl

56
Q

What are lipids?

A

Nonpolar water insoluble molecules that are found in cells and tissues

57
Q

Simple lipids contain only ____, _____, and _____.

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

58
Q

Complex lipids contain additional elements such as _____, _____, or _____.

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

59
Q

What is a simple lipid that is a carboxylic acid with long chains of hydrocarbons attached?

A

Fatty acids

60
Q

What is was?

A

Esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols

61
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol found in your blood

62
Q

Triglycerides are called oils when they are…

A

Liquid at room temperature

63
Q

Triglycerides are called fats when they are…

A

Solid at room temperature

64
Q

Glycerol

A

A triol which has 3 alcohol functional groups

65
Q

Unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond. True OR False?

A

TRUE

66
Q

Unsaturated fats can be obtained from?

A

Foods such as fish, avocados, and tree nuts

67
Q

Phospholipids are?

A

Similar to fatty acids by have a phosphate group instead

68
Q

What are 3 types of lipids?

A

Steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids

69
Q

What are steroids?

A

Simple lipids that are responsible for membrane fluidity and signaling molecules

70
Q

How many structural rings does a steroid have?

A

4

71
Q

What is testosterone

A

The male sexual hormone

72
Q

What is estradiol?

A

The female sexual hormone

73
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

An important structural component of cell membranes and a type of steroid

74
Q

What is prednisone used for?

A

Used a steroid to treat severe allergic reactions by suppressing the immune system

75
Q

What is a nucleus acid made of?

A

Nucleotides and includes RNA and DNA

76
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Monomers made of 3 components

77
Q

How may carbon sugars are in ribose?

A

5

78
Q

What are the 3 components of nucleotides?

A

Ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

79
Q

What carries genetic information that makes decisions for the cell and is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA

80
Q

A phosphate group served as the backbone to which all ____ and _____ are bonded.

A

Sugars and bases

81
Q

What is a similarity between RNA and DNA

A

They both have ribose sugars with a phosphate group at position 3

82
Q

What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has an oxygen molecule on one of the ribose carbons in the polymer chain while DNA does not

83
Q

What controls how RNA is made?

A

DNA

84
Q

What is RNA?

A

The messenger for cellular reproduction and forms copies of the genetic code

85
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bars in RNA?

A

Cytosine, uracil, adenine, and guanine

86
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine

87
Q

What is the difference in the bases of RNA and DNA?

A

DNA contains thymine instead of uracil in RNA

88
Q

Who were the 3 scientists who discovered DNA has a double helix structure?

A

Watson, Franklin, and Crick

89
Q

Adenine + thymine is a complimentary pair in which sugar phosphate? DNA or RNA?

A

DNA

90
Q

Adenine and uracil is a complimentary pair in which sugar phosphate? RNA or Nucleic acids?

A

RNA

91
Q

Cytosine and guanine are complimentary pairs in both DNA and RNA. True OR False?

A

TRUE

92
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A fiber that is formed when the double helix in DNA wraps around itself and forms proteins

Unit 2 - Intro To Biology (4 decks)

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