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Unit 2 - Intro To Biology > Segment 3 - Biological Chemistry > Flashcards

Segment 3 - Biological Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is biological chemistry?

A

The study of chemical reactions and paths of living cells by combining biology and chemistry

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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Extremely large molecules composed of thousands of atoms

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3
Q

What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules?

A

Proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

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4
Q

What is carbon

A

The predominant atom in biology and forms the basis of life

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5
Q

What do you call the polymers composed of a-amino acids

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Consists of large molecules

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7
Q

What does the Greek “a” in a-amino acids stand for?

A

Alpha

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8
Q

An _____ is a molecule with amine and carboxyl functional groups.

A

Amino acid

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9
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties

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10
Q

How many alpha aminos are there?

A

20

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11
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be obtained through food

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12
Q

What is a nonessential amino acid?

A

A naturally produced or occurring amino acid within the body

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13
Q

A ____ chain is what gives each amino acid it’s unique properties.

A

Side

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14
Q

Glycine is the simplest amino acid. True OR False?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What atom is found in the side chain for glycine?

A

1 hydrogen atom

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16
Q

What are peptides?

A

Short chains of amino acids

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17
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

Through a dehydration reaction

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18
Q

When a hydrogen molecule is given up this is called a _____.

A

Dehydration reaction

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19
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Chains of many acids connected through peptide bonds

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20
Q

_____ in an amino acid in a peptide or polypeptide that remains after a water molecule is removed.

A

Residue

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21
Q

Peptides have a greater molecular mass than proteins. True OR False?

A

FALSE. Proteins have a molecular mass of 5,000-40 million

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22
Q

What is the hierarchical system of protein structures in order from least to greatest?

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

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23
Q

_____ structure is the connection of amino acid residues to form polypeptide chains.

A

Primary

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24
Q

_____ structure is the 3D shape of a protein largely driven by hydrophobic area of protein within the structure.

A

Tertiary

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25
____ structure is the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains to form a larger protein.
Quaternary
26
______ structure is hydrogen binding between the hydrogen on the nitrogen of one reissued and the carbonyl carbon of another.
Secondary
27
How is an a-helix formed?
When a peptide chain coils and hydrogen bonds form between them
28
An a-helix right handed. True OR False
TRUE
29
What is the structural protein found in human hair and nails?
Beta keratin
30
What do you call the sheets that bond between amino hydrogens and carbonyl oxygen?
Beta pleated sheets
31
What is the protein that breaks other protein down into smaller peptides and amino acids for nutrition?
Pepsin
32
_____ is the process of a protein unfolding from its native structure.
Denaturation
33
Denaturation can be reversed. True OR False?
FALSE. It is a typically irreversible process
34
What causes a protein to unfold?
Changes in pH, temp, and salt concentration
35
What is the protein that catalyzes reactions?
An enzyme
36
A catalyst speeds up reactions by _______ activation energy of the reaction.
Lowering
37
What is the reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme?
Substrate
38
What is the lock an key model?
Suggests substrates must fit perfectly into the shape of an enzyme
39
What is the induced fit model?
Suggests substrates can form to the enzyme for a better fit
40
What is the structural protein found in skin?
Collagen
41
What reaction causes curly hair?
Disulfide bonding of amino acids
42
What protein transports oxygen in mammals?
Hemoglobin
43
What protein hormone communicates blood sugar and helps regulate metabolism and sugar storage?
Insulin
44
What is the most abundant and naturally occurring compound that serves as a primary energy source for plants and animals?
Carbohydrates
45
What is glucose?
A simple 6 carbon sugar
46
What is a monosaccharide?
A single sugar molecule found in carbs
47
What is a disaccharide?
2 bonded sugar molecules in carbs
48
What is a polysaccharide?
Polymer chains of sugars found in carbs
49
What is lactase?
The protein found in milk
50
What is a biopolymer?
Polymers of biological molecules including polysaccharides
51
_____ stores energy in the muscles and livers of humans and other animals.
Glycogen
52
_____ are water soluble helical structures with alcohol groups readily available for hydrogen bonding.
Starches
53
How many carbon atoms are in monosaccharides?
5 or 6
54
Monosaccharides can be broken down into simpler sugars. True OR False?
FALSE. They are already the simplest of sugars
55
Monosaccharides contain which group? Carbonyl or carboxyl?
Carbonyl
56
What are lipids?
Nonpolar water insoluble molecules that are found in cells and tissues
57
Simple lipids contain only ____, _____, and _____.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
58
Complex lipids contain additional elements such as _____, _____, or _____.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur
59
What is a simple lipid that is a carboxylic acid with long chains of hydrocarbons attached?
Fatty acids
60
What is was?
Esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols
61
What are triglycerides?
Esters of fatty acids with glycerol found in your blood
62
Triglycerides are called oils when they are…
Liquid at room temperature
63
Triglycerides are called fats when they are…
Solid at room temperature
64
Glycerol
A triol which has 3 alcohol functional groups
65
Unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond. True OR False?
TRUE
66
Unsaturated fats can be obtained from?
Foods such as fish, avocados, and tree nuts
67
Phospholipids are?
Similar to fatty acids by have a phosphate group instead
68
What are 3 types of lipids?
Steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
69
What are steroids?
Simple lipids that are responsible for membrane fluidity and signaling molecules
70
How many structural rings does a steroid have?
4
71
What is testosterone
The male sexual hormone
72
What is estradiol?
The female sexual hormone
73
What is cholesterol?
An important structural component of cell membranes and a type of steroid
74
What is prednisone used for?
Used a steroid to treat severe allergic reactions by suppressing the immune system
75
What is a nucleus acid made of?
Nucleotides and includes RNA and DNA
76
What is a nucleotide?
Monomers made of 3 components
77
How may carbon sugars are in ribose?
5
78
What are the 3 components of nucleotides?
Ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
79
What carries genetic information that makes decisions for the cell and is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?
DNA
80
A phosphate group served as the backbone to which all ____ and _____ are bonded.
Sugars and bases
81
What is a similarity between RNA and DNA
They both have ribose sugars with a phosphate group at position 3
82
What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA has an oxygen molecule on one of the ribose carbons in the polymer chain while DNA does not
83
What controls how RNA is made?
DNA
84
What is RNA?
The messenger for cellular reproduction and forms copies of the genetic code
85
What are the 4 nitrogenous bars in RNA?
Cytosine, uracil, adenine, and guanine
86
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine
87
What is the difference in the bases of RNA and DNA?
DNA contains thymine instead of uracil in RNA
88
Who were the 3 scientists who discovered DNA has a double helix structure?
Watson, Franklin, and Crick
89
Adenine + thymine is a complimentary pair in which sugar phosphate? DNA or RNA?
DNA
90
Adenine and uracil is a complimentary pair in which sugar phosphate? RNA or Nucleic acids?
RNA
91
Cytosine and guanine are complimentary pairs in both DNA and RNA. True OR False?
TRUE
92
What is chromatin?
A fiber that is formed when the double helix in DNA wraps around itself and forms proteins

Unit 2 - Intro To Biology (4 decks)

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