Seeding

Question 1

what are autotrophs?

Answer 1

• Able to make their own seed
• Represented in all three domains of life
• 4/6 Kingdoms (bac, arch, pro, plantae)
• May need to source other nutrients from the environment (N2)

Question 2

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 2

• Must consume food from other sources of organic carbon and other nutrients
• All domains and kingdoms - exclusive for Fungi and Animalia

Question 3

What are the different types of autotrophs?

Answer 3

1. Chemotrophs = use chemicals (oxidation of organic compounds).
2. Phototrophs = use light

Question 4

What are the different types of heterotrophs?

Answer 4

1. Carnivore: eat animals/meat
2. Insectivores: eat insects
3. Herbivores: eat plants
4. Omnivores: eat meat, plants, fungi
5. Scavengers: eat food remains
6. Detritivores: eat soil, leaf litter, and decaying organic matter.

Question 5

Explain what the ancestral state is that heterotrophs have gone through?

Answer 5

Early life forms = single celled primitive heterotrophs resembling modern day bacteria.
Fed by absorbing acid and base molecules - via fermentation.

Question 6

Explain the evolution of the phototroph:

Answer 6

• organically anoxygenic photosynthesis (no O2)
• Increasing O2 levels savoured oxygenic photosynthesis
• approx 2.7 B y/a
• endosymbiosis of these bacteria give rise to plant cells (chloroplasts).

Question 7

Explain the supporting theory for endosymbiosis:

Answer 7

• Chloroplasts and mitochondria physically related to ancestors
• Genome similar to ancestors but reduced.

Question 8

What does Sulfolubus mean?

Answer 8

• Archaea
• Thrive in volcanic springs w/ suflur, low pH and high temps
• Lysogenic viruses infect sulfolubus for protection against harsh conditions.
• Virus infected cells don’t burst (adaption so virus can live inside cell for longer.

Question 9

What are anoxygenic photoreceptors?

Answer 9

• Use H2S or organic molecules as a source of e-.

Question 10

What type of chlorophyl adapted to live in harsh conditions?

Answer 10

Bacteriochlorophyll

Question 11

What is purple sulphur bacteria?

Answer 11

• Produces sulfur through photosynthesis
• Novel adaption from South Andros black hole.
• release light energy into environment as heat to outcompete rivals more easily affected by heat.

Question 12

What are oxygenic photoautotrphs?

Answer 12

Use O2 from water in photosynthesis and produce O2 as a by-product.

Question 13

What are cyanobacteria?

Answer 13

• Earliest oxygenic photoautotrophs.
• Additional nutrient obtained via diffusion or osmosis from the water.

Question 14

what is algae?

Answer 14

• Include closest relatives of land plants
• Multicellular + larger in size
• Require water (moves passively across cell walls and provide nutrients).
• No water-absorbing or water-conducting structures

Question 15

Where do on-land autotrophs get their nutrients?

Answer 15

In the soil - often limited

Question 16

What adaptions do on-land autotrophs have?

Answer 16

• Roots to exchange water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
• Vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
• Water resistant coating (cuticle) to minimise water loss to the atmosphere
• Tissue for structural support
• Diversity of leaf types and size for photosynthesis.

Question 17

Explain the role of roots:

Answer 17

• Support nutrient and water uptake
• provide anchorage and support
  synthesis of plant hormones and storage of nutritional reserves.

Question 18

Explain the role of the Vascular system:

Answer 18

• Phloem and xylem
• transport of water and minerals
• allows for increased size by providing a conducting system and lignan prevents xylem cells from collapsing under hydrostatic pressure.

Question 19

Explain the role of leaves:

Answer 19

• Increased SA for photosynthesis + gas exchange
• evolved from brushes that overlapped and slattered (evolved many times).

Question 20

Explain some ingenious adaptions:

Answer 20

• become parasitic
• become carnivorous plants (venus fly trap)
• symbiotic legumes
• symbiotic autotrophic algae
  (coral, zooxanthellae)

Question 21

What are some heterotrophic feeding strategies?

Answer 21

• Diffusion
• Phagocytosis
• filter seeding (sponges)
  - strain organic matter and food particles from water, typically passing over specialised filler structures.

Question 22

Explain what is unique about the blue whale:

Answer 22

• Largest animal and filter feeder on the planet.
• fringed plates of fingernail like material (baleen) attached to upper jaws

Question 22

Explain what is unique about Krill:

Answer 22

• filter food
• frontmost appendage have fine comb filler structures

Question 22

What is parcesitism:

Answer 22

• increases dont need to find food
• decreases entirely dependent on host

Question 23

Explain external digestion:

Answer 23

- Absorption of nutrients from environment - hyphae grow through substances and secretes enzymes to digest it then suck it up (insect species does some but tastes with sponges on feet).

Question 24

List the five different feeding structure:

Answer 24

1. CHEWING 2. Piercing/sueling 3. carving 4. siphoning 5. sponging

Question 25

Identify the two different types of teeth:

Answer 25

1. Homodont = all the same (shark) 2. Heterodonts = variety of shapes (mammals)