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Exploring Biomedicine > Seeding > Flashcards

Seeding Flashcards

1
Q

what are autotrophs?

A
  • Able to make their own seed
  • Represented in all three domains of life
  • 4/6 Kingdoms (bac, arch, pro, plantae)
  • May need to source other nutrients from the environment (N2)
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2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A
  • Must consume food from other sources of organic carbon and other nutrients
  • All domains and kingdoms - exclusive for Fungi and Animalia
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3
Q

What are the different types of autotrophs?

A
  1. Chemotrophs = use chemicals (oxidation of organic compounds).
  2. Phototrophs = use light
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4
Q

What are the different types of heterotrophs?

A
  1. Carnivore: eat animals/meat
  2. Insectivores: eat insects
  3. Herbivores: eat plants
  4. Omnivores: eat meat, plants, fungi
  5. Scavengers: eat food remains
  6. Detritivores: eat soil, leaf litter, and decaying organic matter.
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5
Q

Explain what the ancestral state is that heterotrophs have gone through?

A

Early life forms = single celled primitive heterotrophs resembling modern day bacteria.
Fed by absorbing acid and base molecules - via fermentation.

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6
Q

Explain the evolution of the phototroph:

A
  • organically anoxygenic photosynthesis (no O2)
  • Increasing O2 levels savoured oxygenic photosynthesis
  • approx 2.7 B y/a
  • endosymbiosis of these bacteria give rise to plant cells (chloroplasts).
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7
Q

Explain the supporting theory for endosymbiosis:

A
  • Chloroplasts and mitochondria physically related to ancestors
  • Genome similar to ancestors but reduced.
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8
Q

What does Sulfolubus mean?

A
  • Archaea
  • Thrive in volcanic springs w/ suflur, low pH and high temps
  • Lysogenic viruses infect sulfolubus for protection against harsh conditions.
  • Virus infected cells don’t burst (adaption so virus can live inside cell for longer.
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9
Q

What are anoxygenic photoreceptors?

A
  • Use H2S or organic molecules as a source of e-.
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10
Q

What type of chlorophyl adapted to live in harsh conditions?

A

Bacteriochlorophyll

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11
Q

What is purple sulphur bacteria?

A
  • Produces sulfur through photosynthesis
  • Novel adaption from South Andros black hole.
  • release light energy into environment as heat to outcompete rivals more easily affected by heat.
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12
Q

What are oxygenic photoautotrphs?

A

Use O2 from water in photosynthesis and produce O2 as a by-product.

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13
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A
  • Earliest oxygenic photoautotrophs.
  • Additional nutrient obtained via diffusion or osmosis from the water.
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14
Q

what is algae?

A
  • Include closest relatives of land plants
  • Multicellular + larger in size
  • Require water (moves passively across cell walls and provide nutrients).
  • No water-absorbing or water-conducting structures
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15
Q

Where do on-land autotrophs get their nutrients?

A

In the soil - often limited

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16
Q

What adaptions do on-land autotrophs have?

A
  • Roots to exchange water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
  • Vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
  • Water resistant coating (cuticle) to minimise water loss to the atmosphere
  • Tissue for structural support
  • Diversity of leaf types and size for photosynthesis.
17
Q

Explain the role of roots:

A
  • Support nutrient and water uptake
  • provide anchorage and support
    synthesis of plant hormones and storage of nutritional reserves.
18
Q

Explain the role of the Vascular system:

A
  • Phloem and xylem
  • transport of water and minerals
  • allows for increased size by providing a conducting system and lignan prevents xylem cells from collapsing under hydrostatic pressure.
19
Q

Explain the role of leaves:

A
  • Increased SA for photosynthesis + gas exchange
  • evolved from brushes that overlapped and slattered (evolved many times).
20
Q

Explain some ingenious adaptions:

A
  • become parasitic
  • become carnivorous plants (venus fly trap)
  • symbiotic legumes
  • symbiotic autotrophic algae
    (coral, zooxanthellae)
21
Q

What are some heterotrophic feeding strategies?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Phagocytosis
  • filter seeding (sponges)
    - strain organic matter and food particles from water, typically passing over specialised filler structures.
22
Q

Explain what is unique about the blue whale:

A
  • Largest animal and filter feeder on the planet.
  • fringed plates of fingernail like material (baleen) attached to upper jaws
22
Q

Explain what is unique about Krill:

A
  • filter food
  • frontmost appendage have fine comb filler structures
22
Q

What is parcesitism:

A
  • increases dont need to find food
  • decreases entirely dependent on host
23
Q

Explain external digestion:

A
  • Absorption of nutrients from environment - hyphae grow through substances and secretes enzymes to digest it then suck it up (insect species does some but tastes with sponges on feet).
24
Q

List the five different feeding structure:

A
  1. CHEWING
  2. Piercing/sueling
  3. carving
  4. siphoning
  5. sponging
25
Q

Identify the two different types of teeth:

A
  1. Homodont = all the same (shark)
  2. Heterodonts = variety of shapes (mammals)

Exploring Biomedicine (23 decks)

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