Reproduction Flashcards
Why reproduction?
To pass on genetic material avoiding extinction.
True or false, reproduction can occur with or without a partner?
True - sexual and asexual.
When and why did meiotic sex evolve?
1.2 Billion years ago.
Evolved to increased genetic diversity.
Is asexual reproduction commonly present?
found in all domains and 6 kingdoms of life (bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi, plantae, animobia).
What are the 6 different types of asexual reproduction?
- Fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Vegetative propagation
- Spore formation
- Parthenogenesis
What kingdoms/domains is sexual reproduction present in?
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Explain what dioecous VS monecious/hermaphroditic means in terms of differences between S VS AS R:
- An individual with only male or female characteristics VS an individual with both male and female reproductive systems
Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Internal VS external fertilization.
Fusion of gametes inside VS outside an organism
Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Oviparous VS Viviparous
Laying eggs VS giving birth to live young.
Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Few offspring VS many offspring
Producing a couple of offspring in a mating season VS producing thousands
What are the four differing factors between S and AS R?
- Dioecious VS monoecious/hermaphroditic
- Internal VS external fertilization
- Oviparous VS viviparous
- Few offspring VS many offspring
What is fission?
All domains and kingdoms
Uni and Multicellular
Parent cell DIVIDED into equal parts.
What is binary fission?
Fission results in 2 cells or organisms (bacteria/archaea)
What is multiple fission?
Fission results in more than two cells (protista)
What is budding?
- All domains and kingdoms
- Uni and multicellular
- Parent cell divided into UNEQUAL PARTS
- Small outgrowth forms on the new parents cell/org and breaks off to form a new daughter cell or organism
- can occur anywhere or at specific budding sites depending on the organism
What is fragmentation?
- All eukaryotic kingdoms (multicellular only)
- Fragments break off and become new organisms
What is vegetative propagation?
- Plantae (multicellular only)
- New plant grows form a plant fragment
- Different strategies: runners, bulbs, tubers, suckers/basal shoots/root sprouts.
Explain the process of spore formation:
- Found in protista, fungi and plantae
- Uni and multicellular orgs
- Parent forms 100’s of spores stored in a casing until ready to be released.
- Allows for dispersed to new locations
- Can grow into new indivdividual w/o requiring fertilisation
- Many orgs producing via spores can also reproduce sexually.
What is parthenogensis?
- Animalia only (multicellular)
- unfert egg develops into an indiviudual #
- orgs can also reproduce sexually.
Explain what zombie cockroaches are:
Inject venom from their stinger into insects to control the minds of their prey
Orchid:
Produces pollen seeds which it glues to a bee’s head to then pollinate another orchid.
Explain the alternation of genomes:
- Found in multicellular protists, all land plants and some diploid forms are multicellular
- Diploid gives rise to spores
- Haploid form gives rise to gametes
- Animals don’t fit this as our haploid form is unicellular.
Explain how fungi reproduce:
- Different fungi reproduce differently.
- Mushrooms: 3 stages in sexual reproduction:
- 1. Plasmogamy
- 2. Hemogamy (fission/fertilisation)
- 3. Meiosis (produces haploid spores)
Explain what an angiosperms is:
- Flower is the reproductive organ
- Stamen = male part
- For fertilisation pollen grain needs to fall on the stigma to sterilise ovules.
Explain the 2 processes of pollination:
- Abiotic: wind or water movement
- Biotic: movement by animals (pollination)
Explain external and internal pollination:
Look at Celeste Notes!!!
