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Exploring Biomedicine > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Why reproduction?

A

To pass on genetic material avoiding extinction.

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2
Q

True or false, reproduction can occur with or without a partner?

A

True - sexual and asexual.

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3
Q

When and why did meiotic sex evolve?

A

1.2 Billion years ago.
Evolved to increased genetic diversity.

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4
Q

Is asexual reproduction commonly present?

A

found in all domains and 6 kingdoms of life (bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi, plantae, animobia).

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5
Q

What are the 6 different types of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Vegetative propagation
  5. Spore formation
  6. Parthenogenesis
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6
Q

What kingdoms/domains is sexual reproduction present in?

A
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Plantae
  4. Animalia
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7
Q

Explain what dioecous VS monecious/hermaphroditic means in terms of differences between S VS AS R:

A
  • An individual with only male or female characteristics VS an individual with both male and female reproductive systems
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8
Q

Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Internal VS external fertilization.

A

Fusion of gametes inside VS outside an organism

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9
Q

Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Oviparous VS Viviparous

A

Laying eggs VS giving birth to live young.

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10
Q

Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Few offspring VS many offspring

A

Producing a couple of offspring in a mating season VS producing thousands

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11
Q

What are the four differing factors between S and AS R?

A
  1. Dioecious VS monoecious/hermaphroditic
  2. Internal VS external fertilization
  3. Oviparous VS viviparous
  4. Few offspring VS many offspring
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12
Q

What is fission?

A

All domains and kingdoms
Uni and Multicellular
Parent cell DIVIDED into equal parts.

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13
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Fission results in 2 cells or organisms (bacteria/archaea)

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14
Q

What is multiple fission?

A

Fission results in more than two cells (protista)

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15
Q

What is budding?

A
  • All domains and kingdoms
  • Uni and multicellular
  • Parent cell divided into UNEQUAL PARTS
  • Small outgrowth forms on the new parents cell/org and breaks off to form a new daughter cell or organism
  • can occur anywhere or at specific budding sites depending on the organism
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16
Q

What is fragmentation?

A
  • All eukaryotic kingdoms (multicellular only)
  • Fragments break off and become new organisms
17
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A
  • Plantae (multicellular only)
  • New plant grows form a plant fragment
  • Different strategies: runners, bulbs, tubers, suckers/basal shoots/root sprouts.
18
Q

Explain the process of spore formation:

A
  • Found in protista, fungi and plantae
  • Uni and multicellular orgs
  • Parent forms 100’s of spores stored in a casing until ready to be released.
  • Allows for dispersed to new locations
  • Can grow into new indivdividual w/o requiring fertilisation
  • Many orgs producing via spores can also reproduce sexually.
19
Q

What is parthenogensis?

A
  • Animalia only (multicellular)
  • unfert egg develops into an indiviudual #
  • orgs can also reproduce sexually.
20
Q

Explain what zombie cockroaches are:

A

Inject venom from their stinger into insects to control the minds of their prey

21
Q

Orchid:

A

Produces pollen seeds which it glues to a bee’s head to then pollinate another orchid.

22
Q

Explain the alternation of genomes:

A
  • Found in multicellular protists, all land plants and some diploid forms are multicellular
  • Diploid gives rise to spores
  • Haploid form gives rise to gametes
  • Animals don’t fit this as our haploid form is unicellular.
23
Q

Explain how fungi reproduce:

A
  • Different fungi reproduce differently.
  • Mushrooms: 3 stages in sexual reproduction:
    - 1. Plasmogamy
    - 2. Hemogamy (fission/fertilisation)
    - 3. Meiosis (produces haploid spores)
24
Q

Explain what an angiosperms is:

A
  • Flower is the reproductive organ
  • Stamen = male part
  • For fertilisation pollen grain needs to fall on the stigma to sterilise ovules.
25
Q

Explain the 2 processes of pollination:

A
  • Abiotic: wind or water movement
  • Biotic: movement by animals (pollination)
26
Q

Explain external and internal pollination:

A

Look at Celeste Notes!!!

Exploring Biomedicine (23 decks)

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