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Geology > Sedimentary Rock > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rock Flashcards

1
Q

<p>Sedimentary Rock</p>

A

<p>Product of chemical/mechanical weathering</p>

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2
Q

<p>Continental Environment</p>

A

dominated by stream erosion and deposition

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3
Q

<p>Mechanical Weathering</p>

A

<p>broken down into smaller pieces,

| Increases surface area for chemical weathering attack</p>

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4
Q

<p>Frost Wedging</p>

A

<p>Water Freezes in Cracks</p>

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5
Q

<p>Root Wedging</p>

A

<p>plants grow into fractures</p>

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6
Q

<p>Burrowing animals</p>

A

<p>move fresh materials to surface</p>

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7
Q

<p>Rock Blasting</p>

A

<p>Human inmpact</p>

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8
Q

<p>Salt Crystal Growth</p>

A

<p>sea spray/salty groundwater penetrates crevices and pore spaces, evaporating to form salt crystals enlarging crevices</p>

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9
Q

<p>Sheeting Unloading</p>

A

<p>•Large masses of igneous rock are exposed by erosion and concentric slabs break loose due to release of confining pressure</p>

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10
Q

<p>Exfoliation Dome</p>

A

<p>formed after continued weathering causes slabs to separate and fall off</p>

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11
Q

<p>Detrital Rocks</p>

A

<p>Transported Sediment as Solid Particles</p>

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12
Q

<p>Detrital Cheif Consitituents (4)</p>

A

<p>clay, quartz, feldspar, micas</p>

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13
Q

<p>Evaporites</p>

A

<p>triggers deposition of chemical precipitates </p>

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14
Q

<p>Chemical Rocks</p>

A

<p>consist of precipitated material once in solution</p>

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15
Q

<p>Evaporite Examples</p>

A

<p>rock salt, rock gypsum</p>

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16
Q

<p>Natural Cements</p>

A

<p>Calcite, silica, iron oxide</p>

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17
Q

<p>Lithification</p>

A

<p>Sediments transformed into solid rock by compaction and cemenation</p>

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18
Q

<p>Diagenesis</p>

A

<p>Chemical. physical biological changes after seediment deposit

</p>

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19
Q

<p>Bowen's Reaction Series</p>

A

<p>Silicate minerals weather in the same order as crystallization</p>

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20
Q

<p>Speroidal Weathering</p>

A

<p></p>

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21
Q

<p>Oxidation</p>

(2)

A

<p>Rusting of iron rich materials for iron oxide

| -slow in dry environments, faster reaction in water</p>

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22
Q

<p>Hydrolysis</p>

A

<p>Oxidation can only occur after; iron freed from silicate structure</p>

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23
Q

<p>Dissolution</p>

A

<p>Certain Minerals (halite) dissolve in water</p>

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24
Q

<p>Chemical Weathering</p>

A

<p>small amount of acid in water increases corrosive force of water, causing dissolution. </p>

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25
Q

<p>sediment</p>

A

<p>fragmented material</p>

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26
Q

<p>Climate Effect on Weathering (Temperature + Precipitation) 3</p>

A

<p>
Frequency of freeze-thaw
Moisture available for dissolution
Conditions favoring vegetation growth</p>

27
Q

<p>Detrital Identification</p>

A

<p>Particle Size</p>

28
Q

<p>Chemical Identification</p>

A

<p>Texture</p>

29
Q

<p>Stages of Coal Formation</p>

A

<p>1. Plant material

2. Peat
3. Lignite
4. Bituminous
5. Anthracite

</p>

30
Q

<p>Coal </p>

A

<p>composed of organic materials unlike other rocks</p>

31
Q

<p>Geographic Setting</p>

A

<p>Determines sediments that accumulate (grain size/shape)</p>

32
Q

Wind

A

Eolian

33
Q

All rocks go to sediment through

A

weathering and erosion

34
Q

Sediment turns to SR through

A

Compaction and Cementation

35
Q

Most Common Sedimentary Rock

A

“Shale”

36
Q

“Shale” (Sedimentary)

A

Mud-sized particles in thin layers that are commonly referred to as laminae

37
Q

“Sandstone” Composition (Sedimentary)

A

Quartz

38
Q

“Conglomerate” and Breccia” (sedimentary)

A

Both are composed of particles greater than 2mm in diameter

39
Q

“Breccia” (Sedimentary)

A

large angular particles

40
Q

Conglomerate (Sedimentary)

A

largely of rounded gravels

41
Q

Limestone (Sedimentary)

A

Marine biochemical limestones form as coral reefs, coquina (broken shells), and chalk (microscopic organisms)Inorganic limestones include travertine and oolitic limestone

42
Q

Most Abundunt Chemical Rock

A

Limestone

43
Q

“Limestone” composed (sedimentary)

A

mineral: calcite

44
Q

chemical formed secondarily from limestone (sedimentary)

A

Dolostone

45
Q

Chert Compositition (Sedimentary)

A

microcrystalline quartz (CHEMICAL)

46
Q

Water (Polar)

A

removes sodium and chlorine from halite crystal faces

47
Q

Carbonic Acid

A

Co2 dissolved in raindroms

48
Q

Calcite attacked by weakly acidic solutions

A

limestone caverns

49
Q

Slow Oxidation

A

Dry Environments

50
Q

Oxidation Minerals (4)

A

Ferromagnesium (olivine, pyroxene, hornmblende, biotite)

51
Q

Oxidation can only occur after

A

iron freed from silicate structure by hydrolsis

52
Q

Oxidation

A

rusting of iron-rich minerals->oxygen/iron to iron oxide

53
Q

Hydrolsyis primarily

A

Silicates: clay

54
Q

Hydrolysis

A

hydrogen ion attacks and replaces another ion

55
Q

Spheroidal Weathering

A

Granite: crystalline rock with joints penetrated, hydrogen replacing K in feldspar, disrupts crystalline structure

56
Q

What weathers more quickly than silicates?

A

Carbonates and Halides

57
Q

Differential Weathering

A

Uneven (variations in climate)

58
Q

Chemical MUST have sourced in solutions where as

A

detrital must have been transported as solids

59
Q

Coarse

A

Grave: conglomerate and breccia

60
Q

Rounded Gravel (Coarse)

A

Conglomerate

61
Q

Angular Gravel (Coarse)

A

Brecia

62
Q

Medium Particle Size

A

Sand/Sand Stone

63
Q

Fine

A

Mud/Siltstone

64
Q

Very Fine

A

Mud/Shale/Mudstone

Geology (5 decks)

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