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Marine Biology > Sedimentary Bottoms-Beaches, Dunes > Flashcards

Sedimentary Bottoms-Beaches, Dunes Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of sedimentary bottom habitats

A
  • Tidal flats
  • Sandy beaches + dunes
  • Continental shelf
  • Deep sea
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2
Q

What do sedimentary bottom habitats rely on the most?

A

Detritus (waste or debris) from external sources

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3
Q

What do the characteristics of the seafloor depend on?

A
  1. Turbulence or hydrodynamics: sorts sediment according to size
  2. Benthos: colonizes and modifies sediment
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4
Q

Classification of sediment by grain size

A
  1. Gravel (< 2mm)
  2. Sand (2mm to 63um)
  3. Mud (< 63um)
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5
Q

Sediment Sorting

A
  1. Well-sorted (coarse): water drains quickly
  2. Well sorted (fine): water drains slowly
  3. Poorly sorted: water blocked
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6
Q

Critical erosion velocity

A

The minimal current velocity required to erode (suspend) a sediment from the bottom

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7
Q

Seafloor Stabilizers

A

Those who bind or stabilize substrate and enhance sedimentation
- Tube worms, diatoms

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8
Q

Seafloor Bioturbators

A

Mine and increase vulnerability to erosion

- Rays, killifish, mud shrimp

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9
Q

Trophic Amensalism

A

The interaction between deposit and suspension feeders

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10
Q

What type of sediment makes up the Abyssal plains?

A

Mostly muddy sediment

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11
Q

When do deep sea blooms occur?

A

Fall

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12
Q

Carbon Compensation Depth

A

The depth where sinking carbonates dissolve, changing the composition of sediment below that depth
- 4000 meters

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13
Q

At what depths does seafloor diversity increase and decrease?

A

Increases at 2000m but then decreases after that

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14
Q

Examples of seafloor stabilizers

A

Diatoms and tube worms

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15
Q

Examples of Bioturbators

A

Rays and mud shrimp

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16
Q

How are beaches formed?

A
  • Deposition of sandy grains over time

- Caused by weathering or the breakdown/erosion or rocks and shells

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17
Q

Why are beaches red in PEI?

A

The composition of sediment determines the colour; composed of mainly sandstone

18
Q

Sediments on sandy beaches vs. dunes

A

Sandy beaches: mid to coarse sands, poorly sorted sediment

Dunes: very fine sands, very well sorted sediment

19
Q

How does water content, temperature, grain size, and compactness change along the intertidal gradient?

A

Water content: increases towards ocean
Temperature: decreases towards ocean
Grain size: increases towards ocean
Compactness: increases towards ocean

20
Q

What happens to sandy beaches in the winter?

A
  • Erosion of sand
  • Beach profile becomes steeper
  • Dunes lose sand
21
Q

What happens to sandy beaches in the summer?

A
  • Accretion of sand
  • Beach profile becomes flat
  • Dunes grow
22
Q

What modifies beach habitats during the seasons?

A

Wave action

23
Q

Types of sandy beaches

A
  1. Reflective
  2. Dissipative
  3. Intermediate
24
Q

Dissipative Beaches

A 
Grain size: small and fine 
Slope: gentle/flat
Waves: large and far away
Swash conditions: benign 
Diversity: high
25
Q

Reflective Beaches

A 
Grain size: coarse
Slope: steep
Waves: small and nearby
Swash conditions: harsh
Diversity: low
26
Q

Rip Currents

A

Currents that run into deeper waters

- More common in dissipative beaches

27
Q

Longshore Currents

A

Currents that move parallel to the shore

- Key for spread of plankton and seaweed

28
Q

Key component in sandy beach trophic web

A

Detritus

29
Q

What do sandy beaches lack?

A

Primary producers

30
Q

Main species of macrophytes on PEI sandy beaches

A
  • Rockweed
  • Irish Moss
  • Eelgrass
31
Q

Organisms found in the upper intertidal of sandy beaches

A
  • Isopods and amphipods

- Ghost crabs

32
Q

Organisms found in the middle intertidal of sandy beaches

A
  • Polychaetes

- Amphipods

33
Q

Organisms found in the low intertidal of sandy beaches

A
  • Clams
  • Worms
  • Sand dollars
  • Moon snails
34
Q

How are sand dunes formed?

A

Onshore winds moving sediment (primarily saltation)

35
Q

Sediment characteristics of sand dune

A

Fine and well sorted

36
Q

What are the three types of dune systems?

A
  1. Ridge
  2. Parabolic
  3. Transgressive
37
Q

Ridge Dunes

A

Light onshore winds and heavy vegetation binding sand

38
Q

Parabolic Dunes

A
  • Medium onshore winds

- Sparse vegetation (leads to ridge failure)

39
Q

Transgressive Dunes

A
  • Heavy onshore winds
  • Little vegetation
  • High mobility (unstable)
40
Q

Birds and sandy beaches

A

Beaches are used as season stopovers by migratory birds

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