Sedatives_opioids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of sedatives?

A
  • Induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.
  • Used to relax animal before procedures.
  • Avoid excitation during recovery.
  • Analgesia (pain relief)
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2
Q

How are sedatives given?

A

Injected into muscle or vein

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3
Q

What is neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanesthesia?

A

Neuroleptanalgesia = a state of sedation and pain control induced for a medical procedure by a combination of opioids analgesics and neuroleptics (sedatives/benzodiazepines).
Neuroleptanesthesia = after inclusion of anesthetics.

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4
Q

Name the 5 groups of sedatives for veterinary importance:

A
  1. phenothiazines
  2. a2-adrenergic agonists
  3. benzodiazepines
  4. butyrophenones
  5. Rauwolfia alkaloids
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5
Q

Name some phenotiazines:

A

acepromazine, chlorpromazine, promazine, levopromazine

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6
Q

Name some a2-adrenergic agonists:

A

xylazine, detomidin, medetomidin, dexmedetomidin, romifidin

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7
Q

Name some benzodiazepines:

A

diazepam, zolazepam, midazolam, clonazepam

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8
Q

Name some butyrophenones:

A

azaperone, droperidol, haloperidol, fluanisone

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9
Q

Name some Rauwolfia alkaloids:

A

reserpine, metoserpate

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10
Q

Chlorpromazine:

A
  • affect subcortical regions - calming effect
  • lacks analgesic effect
  • myorelaxation, parasympathetic,
    adrenolytic and antihistaminic effect
  • supplemented by acepromazine
  • antiemetic effects in small animals
  • inhibit morphine and apomorphine-
    induced emesis in the dog (not cat)
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11
Q

Acepromazine:

A
  • most commonly used tranquilisers in
    dogs
  • decreases anxiety, cause CNS
    depression, drop in blood pressure and
    heart rate
  • can be prescribed oral to prevent motion
    sickness, or for nail trimming
  • approved for use in dogs, cats and
    horses
  • no analgesic effect
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12
Q

Acepromazine in dogs can be combined with:

A

buprenorphine (0.004 mg/kg i.v.), morphine (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.6 mg/kg i.v.)

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13
Q

What is Sedalin 35mg/ml?
Doses?

A

Acepromazine
* oral gel for dogs
- for premedication with general anaesthesia
- for tranquilizing (ataraxia)
- symptomatic treatment in stress or vomiting
* Giant breeds + greyhounds are sensitive
Doses:
slight - 1 mg/kg
sedation - 2 mg/kg
premedication - 3 mg/kg

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14
Q

Xylazine:

A
  • sedative/analgesic with muscle relaxation
  • depresses CNS
  • different sensitivity of species
  • Ru are extremely sensitive
  • basal anaesthetic when inj. i.v. or i.m.
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15
Q

What can you combine with xylazine and what is important to remember before?

A
  • ketamin
  • 24-hour fasting and 4 hours without fluid intake
  • premedication of atropine to prevent unwanted effects (hypersalivation etc.)
    xylazine 2 mg/kg to dog, 1-2 mg/kg to cat
    ketamin 10 mg/kg to dog, 20 mg/kg to cat (i.m.)
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16
Q

Name combinations of neuroleptanesthesia for dogs:

A

acepromazine + buprenorphine, acepromazine + xylazine,
acepromazine + morphine,
midazolam + ketamine,
diazepam + ketamine,
diazepam + oxymorphone

17
Q

Detomidine:

A
  • with analgesic properties
  • for handling of animals for examination
  • minor surgical procedures
  • with or without butorphanol
18
Q

Medetomidine is used for?

A
  • sedation and analgesia
  • premedication (propofol, alfaxolone)
  • combined with opioids (butorphanol) and ketamine to produce general anesthesia
19
Q

Dexmedetomidine is used as?

A
  • sedative and analgesic
  • preanasthetic in dogs and cats
20
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A
  • minor tranquilizers
  • anxiolysis (alleviation of anxiety), sleep and sedation
  • induce anasthesia, premedication, sedation and anticonvulsants
21
Q

Possible combinations for benzodiazepines:

A

diazepam + oxymorphone,
midazolam + ketamine,
diazepam + ketamine,
zolazepam + tiletamine

22
Q

Butyrophenones are which kind of sedatives?

A
  • neuroleptic sedatives
23
Q

Azaperone is used for:

A
  • tranquillisation and sedation, anti-emetic activity, reduces motor activity
  • control of aggressiveness when mixing or regrouping weanlings or feeder pigs up to 36 kg
  • general tranquilizer for swine
  • reduce aggression
  • for anesthesia combined with xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam
24
Q

Antagonists of neuroleptics and sedatives are used for?

A

in overdose, or to cancel neuroleptic effects of sedatives
* in particular alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists

25
Q

Atipamezole (antisedan, revertor)

A

reversal of the clinical effects of sedative and analgesic agents, dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs

26
Q

What does analgesics affect?

A

The corresponding parts of CNS (hypothalamus, thalamus and brain cortex)

27
Q

Name the two divisions of analgesics:

A
  1. Opioid analgesics - morphine group
  2. Non-opioid analgesics - non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and others
28
Q

Name some opioid analgesics:

A

morphine, codeine, heroine, pethidine, methadone, thiamorphine
etorphine and fentanyl - stronger analgesic action

29
Q

Name some non-opioid analgesics:

A

acetyl-salicylate, salicylate, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, flunixin, meloxicam

30
Q

Name the two divisions of opium alkaloids:

A
  1. Phenantrene derivatives: morphine, codeine, thebaine
  2. Isoquinoline derivatives: papaverine, narcotine, narcetine
31
Q

Name primary effects of morphine:

A
  • analgesia
  • antitussive activity
  • respiratory depression
  • sedation
  • emesis
  • physical dependence
  • intestinal (constipation/defecation)
32
Q

Name secondary effects of morphine:

A

CNS: euphoria, sedation, confusion
Cardiovascular: bradycardia, peripheral vasodilatation
Urinary: increased bladder sphincter tone and can induce urinary retention

33
Q

Name contradictry effects of morphine:

A

Horse, cattle, swine, cats: excitement
Dogs: defecation
Dogs and humans: miosis
Some species: mydriasis
Mice: spasms of tail muscles

Affinity to respiratory center: decrease excitability

34
Q

Name other analgesic opiates:

A
  • Hydromorphone
  • Oxymorphone
  • Codeine
  • Fentanyl
  • Sufentanil
  • Alfentanil
  • Remifentanil
  • Buprenorphine
  • Butorphanol
  • Pentazocine