Sedatives_opioids Flashcards
What is the purpose of sedatives?
- Induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.
- Used to relax animal before procedures.
- Avoid excitation during recovery.
- Analgesia (pain relief)
How are sedatives given?
Injected into muscle or vein
What is neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanesthesia?
Neuroleptanalgesia = a state of sedation and pain control induced for a medical procedure by a combination of opioids analgesics and neuroleptics (sedatives/benzodiazepines).
Neuroleptanesthesia = after inclusion of anesthetics.
Name the 5 groups of sedatives for veterinary importance:
- phenothiazines
- a2-adrenergic agonists
- benzodiazepines
- butyrophenones
- Rauwolfia alkaloids
Name some phenotiazines:
acepromazine, chlorpromazine, promazine, levopromazine
Name some a2-adrenergic agonists:
xylazine, detomidin, medetomidin, dexmedetomidin, romifidin
Name some benzodiazepines:
diazepam, zolazepam, midazolam, clonazepam
Name some butyrophenones:
azaperone, droperidol, haloperidol, fluanisone
Name some Rauwolfia alkaloids:
reserpine, metoserpate
Chlorpromazine:
- affect subcortical regions - calming effect
- lacks analgesic effect
- myorelaxation, parasympathetic,
adrenolytic and antihistaminic effect - supplemented by acepromazine
- antiemetic effects in small animals
- inhibit morphine and apomorphine-
induced emesis in the dog (not cat)
Acepromazine:
- most commonly used tranquilisers in
dogs - decreases anxiety, cause CNS
depression, drop in blood pressure and
heart rate - can be prescribed oral to prevent motion
sickness, or for nail trimming - approved for use in dogs, cats and
horses - no analgesic effect
Acepromazine in dogs can be combined with:
buprenorphine (0.004 mg/kg i.v.), morphine (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.6 mg/kg i.v.)
What is Sedalin 35mg/ml?
Doses?
Acepromazine
* oral gel for dogs
- for premedication with general anaesthesia
- for tranquilizing (ataraxia)
- symptomatic treatment in stress or vomiting
* Giant breeds + greyhounds are sensitive
Doses:
slight - 1 mg/kg
sedation - 2 mg/kg
premedication - 3 mg/kg
Xylazine:
- sedative/analgesic with muscle relaxation
- depresses CNS
- different sensitivity of species
- Ru are extremely sensitive
- basal anaesthetic when inj. i.v. or i.m.
What can you combine with xylazine and what is important to remember before?
- ketamin
- 24-hour fasting and 4 hours without fluid intake
- premedication of atropine to prevent unwanted effects (hypersalivation etc.)
xylazine 2 mg/kg to dog, 1-2 mg/kg to cat
ketamin 10 mg/kg to dog, 20 mg/kg to cat (i.m.)
Name combinations of neuroleptanesthesia for dogs:
acepromazine + buprenorphine, acepromazine + xylazine,
acepromazine + morphine,
midazolam + ketamine,
diazepam + ketamine,
diazepam + oxymorphone
Detomidine:
- with analgesic properties
- for handling of animals for examination
- minor surgical procedures
- with or without butorphanol
Medetomidine is used for?
- sedation and analgesia
- premedication (propofol, alfaxolone)
- combined with opioids (butorphanol) and ketamine to produce general anesthesia
Dexmedetomidine is used as?
- sedative and analgesic
- preanasthetic in dogs and cats
What are benzodiazepines?
- minor tranquilizers
- anxiolysis (alleviation of anxiety), sleep and sedation
- induce anasthesia, premedication, sedation and anticonvulsants
Possible combinations for benzodiazepines:
diazepam + oxymorphone,
midazolam + ketamine,
diazepam + ketamine,
zolazepam + tiletamine
Butyrophenones are which kind of sedatives?
- neuroleptic sedatives
Azaperone is used for:
- tranquillisation and sedation, anti-emetic activity, reduces motor activity
- control of aggressiveness when mixing or regrouping weanlings or feeder pigs up to 36 kg
- general tranquilizer for swine
- reduce aggression
- for anesthesia combined with xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam
Antagonists of neuroleptics and sedatives are used for?
in overdose, or to cancel neuroleptic effects of sedatives
* in particular alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists
Atipamezole (antisedan, revertor)
reversal of the clinical effects of sedative and analgesic agents, dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs
What does analgesics affect?
The corresponding parts of CNS (hypothalamus, thalamus and brain cortex)
Name the two divisions of analgesics:
- Opioid analgesics - morphine group
- Non-opioid analgesics - non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and others
Name some opioid analgesics:
morphine, codeine, heroine, pethidine, methadone, thiamorphine
etorphine and fentanyl - stronger analgesic action
Name some non-opioid analgesics:
acetyl-salicylate, salicylate, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, flunixin, meloxicam
Name the two divisions of opium alkaloids:
- Phenantrene derivatives: morphine, codeine, thebaine
- Isoquinoline derivatives: papaverine, narcotine, narcetine
Name primary effects of morphine:
- analgesia
- antitussive activity
- respiratory depression
- sedation
- emesis
- physical dependence
- intestinal (constipation/defecation)
Name secondary effects of morphine:
CNS: euphoria, sedation, confusion
Cardiovascular: bradycardia, peripheral vasodilatation
Urinary: increased bladder sphincter tone and can induce urinary retention
Name contradictry effects of morphine:
Horse, cattle, swine, cats: excitement
Dogs: defecation
Dogs and humans: miosis
Some species: mydriasis
Mice: spasms of tail muscles
Affinity to respiratory center: decrease excitability
Name other analgesic opiates:
- Hydromorphone
- Oxymorphone
- Codeine
- Fentanyl
- Sufentanil
- Alfentanil
- Remifentanil
- Buprenorphine
- Butorphanol
- Pentazocine
