GIT adsorbents antitympanics

Question 1

Division of drugs affecting the mouth and pharynx:

Answer 1

1. salivary stimulants: sialagogues - gentian
2. salivary inhibitors: antisialgogues - parasympatholytic atropine

Question 2

Division of drugs affecting the oesophagus:

Answer 2

1. to relax its tonus - spasmolytics (acepromazine)
2. to increase the peristalsis
3. to close the oesophageal groove

Question 3

Division of drugs affecting the rumen, stomach and proventriculus:

Answer 3

1. carminatives and antispasmodics: turpentine oils, peppermint, atropine
2. emetics: apomorphine HCl, xylazine
3. antiemetics: chlorpromazine, acepromazine
4. antitympanics: sodium, calcium propionate, dimeticonum, oils

Question 4

Division of drugs affecting intestines:

Answer 4

1. purgatives and laxatives: liquid parafin, magnesium sulphate, aloe, senna leafs
2. antidiarrhoeal drugs: activated charcoal, tanninum
3. spasmolytics: atropine, papaverine, metamizolum natricum

Question 5

Name basic drugs acting on digestive system acc. to pharmacological action:

Answer 5

• appetite stimulants
• stomachics
• digestants
• antacids
• emetics
• antiemetics
• irritants
• stimulants
• oily- and other laxatives
• adsorbents
• adstringents
• spasmolytic drugs affecting the
  forestomach
• propionates
• antitympanics
• prokinetics
• antidiarrhoeal agents

Question 6

Describe what happens in tympany (bloat):

Answer 6

Excessive food intake in bovine species - fermentation with rapid liberation of a large amount of gas.
Gas is not regurgitated as rapidly as formed and distends walls of organ, paralyses movement and normal regurgitation becomes impossible.
Overextension of rumen and reticulum - gas is trapped.
Cause asphyxia by pressure on diaphragm.

Question 7

Difference between gas tympany and foamy tympany:

Answer 7

Gas tympany: excessive accumulation of gas in proventricles (Ru) and in stomach/intestines (Eq).

Foamy tympany: legume pastures or high concentrated rations are fed –> decreased surface tension of rumen content –> gas is locked in bubbles and cannot be eructed.

Question 8

Pathological state of tympany can be treated with:

Answer 8

1) Antitympanics (gas)
2) Antifrothing drugs (foam)

Question 9

Antifrothing drugs use and mechanism:

Answer 9

• when foam of high viscosity is present in rumen
  Breakes the foam bubbles, release gases and stop their accumulation in the rumen, increase surface tension.

Question 10

What are silicones (polymerized methylsilicones) used for?

Answer 10

Antifrothing drugs that increase surface tension of rumen liwuid and cause rupture of foam so the gas can escape.

Question 11

How to administer silicones?

Answer 11

Diluted with water administered with stomach tube or as drench,
or directly into the rumen.
Act within 5-15 min after oral adm.

Question 12

Examples of silicones:

Answer 12

Tympanol (8.5%) or Pretympan (10%)

Question 13

Function of antitympanics:

Answer 13

decrease or prevent the gas production by inhibition of enzyme fermentation in ruminants or tympanic colon in horses

Question 14

What are adsorbents?

Answer 14

Water insoluble, chemically inert medications capable of adsorbing noxious substances on their surfaces and carry them out of the digestive tract

Question 15

Name examples of adsorbents:

Answer 15

• Activated charcoal
• White clay (Kaolin)
• Tannins

Question 16

Activated charcoal:

Answer 16

Binds particles with + and - charge.
Broad spectrum.
Oral poisonings.
Rapid passage through digestive tract - prevent possible adsorption of noxious substances.
Later release of these toxins from the charcoal is prevented by adm. of saline laxatives.

Question 17

How does activated charcoal function?

Answer 17

They form stable complexes with the toxic substances tha permits their evacuation from the body:
- carbo medicinalis, carbosorb and carbotox

Question 18

Kaolin and white clay:

Answer 18

Kaolin: Natural hydrated aluminium silicate
White clay: bolus alba sterilisata
- binds only negative particles
- prolonged use has negative effect on intestinal mucosa
- symptomatic therapy of diarrhea
- more effective in older animals
- does not adsorb E.coli
- external use

Question 19

Adstringents and protectants work by:

Answer 19

Precipitation of superficial proteins of intestine forming a coating layer - less permeable and less irritable.
Protectants form a protective layer between the toxic substances and epithelial surface in GIT.

Question 20

Name some examples of adstringents and protectants:

Answer 20

Mucilago from linseed, pectins
Tannins

Question 21

Function of tannins:

Answer 21

Bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds.
Treatment of diarrhea.

Question 22

Adstringents: tannic acid

Answer 22

Antidiarrhoeal agent present in plants.
Antidote in toxicosis by alkaloids.
Protective effect, by forming insoluble compounds with alkaloids and some heavy metals and glycosides.
Recommended to combine with bulk purgatives for rapid elimination.

Question 23

Adstringents: Bismuth salts

Answer 23

• carbonate, salicylate and subnitrate
• adsorbent activity
• absorb E.coli enterotoxins

Question 24

Effect of salicylate:

Answer 24

antiinflammatory local (inhibit prostaglandin synthesis)