GIT adsorbents antitympanics Flashcards
Division of drugs affecting the mouth and pharynx:
- salivary stimulants: sialagogues - gentian
- salivary inhibitors: antisialgogues - parasympatholytic atropine
Division of drugs affecting the oesophagus:
- to relax its tonus - spasmolytics (acepromazine)
- to increase the peristalsis
- to close the oesophageal groove
Division of drugs affecting the rumen, stomach and proventriculus:
- carminatives and antispasmodics: turpentine oils, peppermint, atropine
- emetics: apomorphine HCl, xylazine
- antiemetics: chlorpromazine, acepromazine
- antitympanics: sodium, calcium propionate, dimeticonum, oils
Division of drugs affecting intestines:
- purgatives and laxatives: liquid parafin, magnesium sulphate, aloe, senna leafs
- antidiarrhoeal drugs: activated charcoal, tanninum
- spasmolytics: atropine, papaverine, metamizolum natricum
Name basic drugs acting on digestive system acc. to pharmacological action:
- appetite stimulants
- stomachics
- digestants
- antacids
- emetics
- antiemetics
- irritants
- stimulants
- oily- and other laxatives
- adsorbents
- adstringents
- spasmolytic drugs affecting the
forestomach - propionates
- antitympanics
- prokinetics
- antidiarrhoeal agents
Describe what happens in tympany (bloat):
Excessive food intake in bovine species - fermentation with rapid liberation of a large amount of gas.
Gas is not regurgitated as rapidly as formed and distends walls of organ, paralyses movement and normal regurgitation becomes impossible.
Overextension of rumen and reticulum - gas is trapped.
Cause asphyxia by pressure on diaphragm.
Difference between gas tympany and foamy tympany:
Gas tympany: excessive accumulation of gas in proventricles (Ru) and in stomach/intestines (Eq).
Foamy tympany: legume pastures or high concentrated rations are fed –> decreased surface tension of rumen content –> gas is locked in bubbles and cannot be eructed.
Pathological state of tympany can be treated with:
1) Antitympanics (gas)
2) Antifrothing drugs (foam)
Antifrothing drugs use and mechanism:
- when foam of high viscosity is present in rumen
Breakes the foam bubbles, release gases and stop their accumulation in the rumen, increase surface tension.
What are silicones (polymerized methylsilicones) used for?
Antifrothing drugs that increase surface tension of rumen liwuid and cause rupture of foam so the gas can escape.
How to administer silicones?
Diluted with water administered with stomach tube or as drench,
or directly into the rumen.
Act within 5-15 min after oral adm.
Examples of silicones:
Tympanol (8.5%) or Pretympan (10%)
Function of antitympanics:
decrease or prevent the gas production by inhibition of enzyme fermentation in ruminants or tympanic colon in horses
What are adsorbents?
Water insoluble, chemically inert medications capable of adsorbing noxious substances on their surfaces and carry them out of the digestive tract
Name examples of adsorbents:
- Activated charcoal
- White clay (Kaolin)
- Tannins
Activated charcoal:
Binds particles with + and - charge.
Broad spectrum.
Oral poisonings.
Rapid passage through digestive tract - prevent possible adsorption of noxious substances.
Later release of these toxins from the charcoal is prevented by adm. of saline laxatives.
How does activated charcoal function?
They form stable complexes with the toxic substances tha permits their evacuation from the body:
- carbo medicinalis, carbosorb and carbotox
Kaolin and white clay:
Kaolin: Natural hydrated aluminium silicate
White clay: bolus alba sterilisata
- binds only negative particles
- prolonged use has negative effect on intestinal mucosa
- symptomatic therapy of diarrhea
- more effective in older animals
- does not adsorb E.coli
- external use
Adstringents and protectants work by:
Precipitation of superficial proteins of intestine forming a coating layer - less permeable and less irritable.
Protectants form a protective layer between the toxic substances and epithelial surface in GIT.
Name some examples of adstringents and protectants:
Mucilago from linseed, pectins
Tannins
Function of tannins:
Bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds.
Treatment of diarrhea.
Adstringents: tannic acid
Antidiarrhoeal agent present in plants.
Antidote in toxicosis by alkaloids.
Protective effect, by forming insoluble compounds with alkaloids and some heavy metals and glycosides.
Recommended to combine with bulk purgatives for rapid elimination.
Adstringents: Bismuth salts
- carbonate, salicylate and subnitrate
- adsorbent activity
- absorb E.coli enterotoxins
Effect of salicylate:
antiinflammatory local (inhibit prostaglandin synthesis)
