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Pharmacology credit test SS > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Define antiinfectives:

A

Substances used for treatment of infectious diseases

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2
Q

Division of antimicrobials:

A
  1. Antibacterics - against bacteria
  2. Antimycotics - against moulds and yiests
  3. Antivirotics - against viruses
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3
Q

Division of antibacterics according to chemical structure:

A

I. Antibiotics
II. Chemotherapeutics

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4
Q

Division of chemotherapeutics:

A

a) Sulphanomides
b) Quinolones
c) Nitrofurans

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5
Q

What are antibiotics made from, and how do they work?

A
  • they are products of metabolism of microorganisms
  • kill or stop the growing of other microorganisms
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6
Q

Classify antibiotics according to their effect on microorganisms:

A
  1. Bacteriostatic
  2. Bactericidal
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7
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotics function:

A
  • suppress the growth of bacteria
  • used in acute diseases
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8
Q

Examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics:

A

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Amfenicols, Diterpens, Lincosamides and Sulphanomides

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9
Q

Bactericidal antibiotics function:

A
  • kill bacteria
  • used in chronic diseases
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10
Q

Examples of bactericidal antibiotics:

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems, Polyptides, Glycopeptides, Ansamycins and Quinolones

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11
Q

Classification of antibiotics according to mechanisms of action: 4

A
  1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
  2. Permeability of cell membrane
  3. Protein synthesis inhibitors
  4. Nucleic acids synthesis inhibitors
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12
Q

Name examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors:

A

b-lactams and glycopeptides

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13
Q

Name examples of antibiotics affecting permeability of cell membrane:

A

polyens, polymyxin, nystatin and amphotericin B

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14
Q

Name examples of protein synthesis inhibitors:

A

tetracyclines, amphenicols, aminoglycosides, macrolides, pleuromutilins, lincosamides and steroid substances (fusidic acid)

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15
Q

Name examples of nucleic acids synthesis inhibitors:

A

rifamycins and griseofulvin

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16
Q

Classify antibiotics according to spectrum of action:

A

I. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics - specific family of bacteria (penicillin G, streptomycin)
II. Broad-spectrum antibiotics - wide range of bacteria, both G+ and G- bacteria (tetracyclines, amfenicols)
III. Slightly-broad spectrum - middle/mean broad antibiotic (semi-synthetic penicillins, aminoglycosides, macrolides)

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17
Q

Special indications - Name anti-staphylococcal antibiotics (6):

A

Macrolides
Lincomycin
Vancomycin
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Cephalosporins of some generations
Rifampicin

18
Q

Special indications - Name antibiotics against G- bacteria (5):

A

Aminoglycosides
Polymyxins
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Amphenicols

19
Q

Special indications - Name antibiotics against yiests and fungi:

A

Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Grizeofulvin
Candicidin
Natamycin
Trichomycin

20
Q

Special indications - Name antibiotics for topical application:

A

Bacitracin
Neomycin

21
Q

What are requirements for an ideal antibiotic?

A
  1. Selective target
  2. Bactericidal
  3. Narrow spectrum (does not kill normal flora)
  4. High therapeutic index
  5. Few adverse reactions
  6. Various routes of administration
  7. Good adsorption
  8. Good distribution to site of infection
  9. Emergence of resistance is slow
22
Q

Name adverse effects of antibiotics in animals:

A
  • allergic reaction
  • salivation
  • emesis
  • diarrhea (disruption of normal flora)
  • reduction of vit. B synthesis
  • resistency
23
Q

Name adverse effects of antibiotics in products of animal origin:

A
  • allergic reaction
  • depreciation meat injection site
  • difficulties in processing the milk fermented products
24
Q

Name adverse effects of antibiotics in humans:

A
  • occurrence of residues in meat, eggs, milk and edible organs
  • development of resistance
25
Q

Resistance of antibiotics can be either:

A

Primary - natural
Secondary - obtained

26
Q

Classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure (11):

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cefalosporins
  3. Tetracyclines
  4. Amfenicols
  5. Polypeptides and glycopeptides
  6. Aminoglycosides
  7. Macrolides
  8. Lincosamids
  9. Ansamycins
  10. Diterpens
  11. Different structure
27
Q

Examples of penicillins:

A

benzylpenicillin, amoxicilin, ampicilin

28
Q

Examples of cefalosporins:

A

cefalexin, ceftiofur

29
Q

Examples of tetracyclins:

A

tetracyclin, oxytetracyclin, chlortetracyclin

30
Q

Example of amfenicols:

A

florfenicol

31
Q

Examples of polypeptides and glycopeptides:

A

Polypeptides: colistin, polymyxin B
Glycopeptides: vancomycin, teikoplanin

32
Q

Examples of aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols:

A

Aminoglycosides:
1st gen.: streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin
2nd gen.: gentamicin
3rd gen.: amikacin, netilmicin
4th gen.: izepamycin, daktinomycin

Aminocyclitols:
spectinomycin

33
Q

Examples of macrolids:

A

erytromycin, tylosin, tylmikozin, spiramycin

34
Q

Examples of lincosamides:

A

linkomycin, clindamycin

35
Q

Example of ansamycins:

36
Q

Examples of diterpens:

A

tiamulin, valnemulin

37
Q

Examples of antibiotics with different structures:

A

novobiocin, fusidic acid

38
Q

Division of beta-lactams:

A
  1. Penicillins
    - narrow spectrum - benzylpenicillin
    - broader spectrum - ampicillin
    - beta-lactamase resistant - dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin
  2. Cefalosporins
    - 1st gen.: cefacetrile, cefapyrin, cefalexin, cefadroxil
    - 2nd gen
    - 3rd gen.: cefoperazone, ceftiofur, cefovecin
    - 4th gen.: cefchinome
39
Q

Translate into latin:
1. Potassium
2. Procain
3. Benzathin

A
  1. Kalicum
  2. Procanicum
  3. Benzathinicum
40
Q

Name methods for testing of effectiveness of antibiotics, advantages and disatvantages:

A
  1. Difusion - discs diffusion (qualitative) and E-test (quantitative)
  2. Dilution - microdilution and macrodilution
    Adv.: targeted therapy
    Disadv.: time demanding
41
Q

What is an antibiogram?

A

Qualitative method for measurement of inhibition zone of antibiotics

42
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
- concentration of drug in blood that can affect inhibition of growth and development of microorganisms

Pharmacology credit test SS (11 decks)

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