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Dcjjdnduebrhd Da > Section VI: Scientific Innovations in Paint, the Advent of Photography, and the Machine as Art and Artist > Flashcards

Section VI: Scientific Innovations in Paint, the Advent of Photography, and the Machine as Art and Artist Flashcards

1
Q

Before the 18th century, how were most colors for oil paints made?

A

they were naturally derived, so made from natural materials

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2
Q

Where was Prussian Blue discovered?

A

a laboratory in Berlin

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3
Q

True or False: Prussian Blue was an accidental discovery.

A

True

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4
Q

When was Prussian blue discovered?

A

1704

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5
Q

Why was Prussian blue named Prussian blue?

A

because it originated in the Prussian Empire

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6
Q

What was one of the most expensive artistic pigments at that time?

A

ultramarine

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7
Q

How was ultramarine made?

A

it was produced by grinding lapis lazuli stone into a fine powder

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8
Q

Where was lapis lazuli stone found?

A

Afghanistan

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9
Q

What type of paintings was ultramarine reserved for?

A

religious paintings, specifically for the clothes of the Virgin Mary

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10
Q

Who discovered Prussian Blue?

A

Jacob Diesbach

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11
Q

Prussian blue made a market for what type of pigments?

A

blue pigments

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12
Q

What are the ingredients for cochineal red lake?

A

iron sulfate and potash

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13
Q

What caused the potash Diesbach bought to turn deep blue?

A

a reaction between iron, sulfate, and the contaminated alkali

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14
Q

What painting from the resource guide used Prussian blue?

A

Self Portrait in a Straw Hat

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15
Q

Where was Marie-Louise-Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun born?

A

Paris, France

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16
Q

How old was Lebrun when her father died?

A

12 years old

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17
Q

Why was Lebrun initially denied into the French Royal Academy in Paris?

A

because of her gender

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18
Q

What did Lebrun do when she got rejected from the French Royal Academy?

A

she took matters into her own hands and self-taught herself so well that she was accepted into the Academy

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19
Q

When did Lebrun begin painting portraits?

A

when she was a teenager

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20
Q

Why were Lebrun’s early portraits illegal?

A

because you had to be a member of a painter’s guild or an academy

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21
Q

Her paintings became a favorite of which French queen?

A

Queen Marie-Antoinette

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22
Q

What type of art style were her portraits generally considered?

A

Rococo

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23
Q

What are some attributes of the Rococo art style?

A

they are lively, colorful, and very vibrant

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24
Q

The word Rocaille is derived from the French word for _________.

A

pebble

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25
Q

Rococo is similar to which other art style?

A

Baroque style

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26
Q

What is rocaille?

A

the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors in gardens

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27
Q

What is one main color on her palette in the work Self Portrait in a Straw Hat?

A

Prussian blue

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28
Q

What mood does the color Prussian blue create in the portrait?

A

a relaxed, serene feel

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29
Q

Art historians have found the pose Lebrun has in her portrait is adopted from which other artist?

A

Ruben

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30
Q

In Ruben’s self-portrait in a straw hat, is her hat made from straw?

A

No, her hat is made from felt

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31
Q

How does Lebrun improve on Ruben’s original portrait?

A

she paints herself in a straw hat

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32
Q

When was the French Revolution?

A

1789

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33
Q

Why did Lebrun despise her spouse?

A

because he would take her earnings

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34
Q

When did Lebrun leave her husband?

A

1794

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35
Q

What invention made paint more portable and long-lasting?

A

the invention of the metal paint tube

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36
Q

What does en plein air mean?

A

in the open air

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37
Q

What did plein air painting allow artists to do?

A

it lets them observe the changes in natural lighting as the sun and clouds move across the sky

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38
Q

Claude Monet was a painter of which art movement?

A

the Impressionist movement

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39
Q

Where were pigments crushed in the 1740s?

A

paint-mills

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40
Q

What powered paint-mills?

A

they used to be horse-powered

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41
Q

Were the paints made by the paint-mills better or worse quality than the ones ground up by hand?

A

they were worse quality

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42
Q

In what decade did the paint mills become steam-powered?

A

the 1820s

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43
Q

When did mechanically ground products become better quality?

A

1836

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44
Q

When was the collapsible metal tube invented?

A

it was invented in 1841, but the patent was made in March of 1841

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45
Q

Who invented the collapsible metal tube?

A

John Goffe Rand

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46
Q

What did artists use to store paint before the collapsible metal tube?

A

a pig’s bladder sealed with string

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47
Q

How did the collapsible metal tube help artists?

A

it allowed them to use paint multiple times without it drying up and it didn’t leak

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48
Q

Impressionist painter Auguste Renoir said that without the collapsible metal tube, what wouldn’t have happened?

A

he said there would be no Monet, Sisley, or any other Impressionist painters, even saying Impressionism wouldn’t have been a thing

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49
Q

Impasto comes from which Italian verb?

A

impastare

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50
Q

What does impastare mean?

A

it means to knead or paste and it refers to thickly laying paint out so it will stick out from the rest of the painting

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51
Q

Jackson Pollock first used a new synthetic paint that was made of which type of plastic?

A

It was made of a plastic called acrylic

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52
Q

When did Claude Monet paint the Bridge at Argenteuil?

A

1874

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53
Q

How many times did Monet paint the Bridge at Argenteuil?

A

7 times

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54
Q

What colors are used in the water for the Bridge at Argenteuil?

A

Prussian blue, cerulean, ochre, mauve, and white

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55
Q

The use of complementary colors was a main philosophy for which color theory?

A

the Impressionist color theory

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56
Q

How do you identify the complementary colors on the color wheel?

A

they are the colors that are opposite of each other

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57
Q

What was the first camera called?

A

a camera obscura

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58
Q

What was the camera obscura used for?

A

it was an optical tool used to copy the outside world and receive unbiased visual information, often used as a drawing aid

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59
Q

Camera obscura is Latin for what?

A

dark chamber

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60
Q

What was a camera obscura?

A

it was a dark room with a small opening in one wall that was like a lens, focusing the image onto the opposite wall

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61
Q

Did the camera obscura support imagination or personal style?

A

No, because they were meant to be real images that were unbiased

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62
Q
A
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63
Q

What were the basic ingredients for photography?

A

a light-tight box, lenses, and light-sensitive materials

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64
Q

Was photography really considered an invention?

A

No, it was more like a progressive history of improving techniques over time

65
Q

Who was Antoine Hercules Romuald Florence?

A

a French artist and cartographer used light-sensitive materials to copy written documents

66
Q
A
67
Q

What did Florence call his method?

A

photographie

68
Q

Photographie comes from the Greek words for _______ and ___________.

A

light and writing

69
Q

Was Louis Daguerre’s method for taking detailed photographs similar or different than Florence’s?

A

It was very different

70
Q

In England, scientists Humphry Davy and Thomas Wedgewood did similar experiments in light-writing compared to Florence. Were Davy and Wedgewood successful in their experiments?

A

No, because their light-sensitive material wasn’t that completely sensitive to light and it needed another material to make it work

71
Q

When did Wedgewood die?

A

1805

72
Q

What is the world’s oldest surviving permanent photograph?

A

the View from the Window at Le Gras

73
Q

How long was the View from the Window at Le Gras exposed to the sun?

A

8 hours

74
Q

In the photograph View from the Window at Le Gras, why does the sunlight appear to be shining on both ends of the building?

A

it looks this way because the photo was left out for 8 hours while the sun was moving across the sky

75
Q

When did Daguerre start collaborating with Niecpce?

A

1829

76
Q

What was the world’s first widely successful and commercially available photographic method?

A

the daguerreotype

77
Q

When did Niepce die?

A

1833

78
Q

After Niepce’s death, what was Daguerre’s new objective?

A

to create and develop a latent image

79
Q

What is a latent image?

A

an image that was on the surface of the photographic plate during exposure, but was invisible until chemical processing

80
Q

What were latent images treated with to make the image appear?

A

mercury fumes

81
Q

How long was the exposure time for a latent image?

A

4-5 minutes

82
Q

True or False: Latent images were less refined and not as sharp as the daguerreotype.

A

False, latent images were more refined and sharper than the daguerreotype

83
Q

Daguerre’s invention started a booming portrait industry around the globe, especially in which country?

A

the United States

84
Q

When did the French government announce the daguerreotype?

A

1839

85
Q

Which American artist and inventor brought the daguerreotype to the U.S.?

A

Samuel Morse

86
Q

Do daguerrotypes fade?

A

No, they retain their detail and shine very well

87
Q

Where was Frederick Douglass born?

A

Maryland on a plantation

88
Q

How old was he when escaped Maryland to go to the North?

A

early 20s

89
Q

What did he mostly write about?

A

influential antislavery books

90
Q

How did Douglass see this type of photography?

A

as a way to fight racial prejudice and stereotypes

91
Q

Who was the most photographed person of the 19th century?

A

Frederick Douglass

92
Q

How many times did Frederick Douglass have his picture taken in the 18th century?

A

over 160 times

93
Q

How many times did Abraham Lincoln have his picture taken in the 18th century?

A

126 times

94
Q

Why didn’t Frederick Douglass smile in his photographs?

A

he didn’t want to play into the “happy slave” stereotype

95
Q

What did Frederick Douglass call the most “democratic” medium?

A

photography

96
Q

What is polygenesis?

A

a theory that states that black people weren’t direct descendants of the first humans (thought to be Adam and Eve)

97
Q

By the end of the Civil War in 1861, what new photographic technology overtook the daguerreotype?

A

the wet-plate process

98
Q

What was Precisionism?

A

an art movement that emerged in the U.S. focused on the built environment around us

99
Q

Precisionism borrowed from what other art movement?

A

cubism

100
Q

What was cubism?

A

an art movement that was focused on abstraction

101
Q

Precisionism celebrated new American landscapes, such as ________, __________, and ________.

A

skyscrapers, bridges, and factories

102
Q

What was Berenice Abbott able to do in 1935 after she had documented the rapid urbanization of NYC?

A

She was able to receive money from the Federal Art Project

103
Q

The photographs from her years of documentation were published collectively in 1939, it was called “_______ ______ _____”.

A

Changing New York

104
Q

What other work of art was included in the Federal Arts Project?

A

Penn State Interior

105
Q

When is Penn State Interior dated?

A

1935 to 1938

106
Q

What is Pennsylvania Station and where is it located?

A

it is an important transit hub and is located in central Manhattan

107
Q

Why did the filtered light on the photograph Penn Station, Interior turn hazy?

A

it turned hazy due to its long exposure time

108
Q

How many acres of city space did Pennsylvania Station take up?

A

up to 8 acres

109
Q

When was Pennsylvania Station completed?

A

1910

110
Q

Who designed Pennsylvania Station?

A

McKim, Mead, and White

111
Q

When was Pennsylvania Station demolished?

A

1963

112
Q

What replaced Pennsylvania Station after it was demolished?

A

Madison Square Garden

113
Q

Before photography’s invention in 1839, what was the most prominent way of taking portraits?

A

the silhouette

114
Q

How are silhouettes made?

A

they are made by tracing out a person’s shadow and cutting out the painting in the outlined, so the black shape is revealed

115
Q

Why were silhouettes preferred over oil paintings?

A

they were cheaper and took only minutes

116
Q

What is a physiognotrace?

A

a contraption that copies a person’s traced profile onto a 2-folded white paper to make multiple identical silhouettes, but smaller

117
Q

Where was the physiognotrace invented?

A

France

118
Q

Who invented the physiognotrace?

A

Gilles-Louis Chretien

119
Q

When was the physiognotrace invented?

A

around 1786

120
Q

When did Charles Wilson Peale open his museum?

A

1784

121
Q

When did Peale adopt the physiognotrace into his museum?

A

1802

122
Q

How much money was the commission Peale paid Moses Williams?

A

8 cents

123
Q

Who did Williams marry?

A

the Peale family’s white cook

124
Q

Who invented instantaneous photography?

A

Eadward Muybridge

125
Q
A
126
Q

What was a large debate about horses in the 1870s?

A

Was there a moment when all the hooves of a horse were above ground, floating?

127
Q

Who took up a frequently debated question about horses in the 1870s?

A

Leland Stanford

128
Q

Who founded Stanford University?

A

Lean Stanford

129
Q

Why did Muybridge and Stanford make “the Horse in Motion”

A

to see down to the 1/1000th second if there was a time where all 4 of a horse’s hooves were above ground

130
Q

Why did some people not believe Muybridge’s evidence?

A

some people didn’t believe it because the pictures looked so fake

131
Q

What is a zoopraxiscope?

A

a lantern that projected images onto a rotating glass disc at such a high speed that it looked like a continuous moving picture

132
Q

Who invented film?

A

the Lumiere brothers

133
Q

In the early 20th century, which group of people quickly adopted film?

A

avant-garde artists

134
Q

What does avant-garde mean?

A

it is the French military term for “advance guard”

135
Q

When were television sets first shown to the public?

A

1928

136
Q

In 1946 how many U.S. homes had a TV?

A

6 thousand

137
Q

In 1951, how many U.S. homes had TVs?

A

12 million

138
Q

In the late 90s, what percent of U.S. homes had at least one TV?

A

98%

139
Q

What was one of the most important factors in the rapid growth of the TV?

A

WWII

140
Q

What event was viewed as the turning point in the history of art?

A

the Second World War or WWII

141
Q

When did abstract expressionism flourish in New York?

A

the 1950s and 1960s

142
Q

What s Abstract Expressionism?

A

a type of abstract art characterized by the brushstrokes and the impression of spontaneity

143
Q

Who was hailed as the father of video art?

A

Nam June Paik

144
Q

Where was Nam June Paik born

A

South Korea

145
Q

Paik treated the TV screen like a ____________.

A

canvas

146
Q

Did Paik want to make TV strange and unfamiliar, or comfortable and normal?

A

he wanted to make is strange and unfamiliar, outside of our comfort zone

147
Q

What is one of Paik’s earlies TV based artworks, made in 1965?

A

the Magnet TV

148
Q

When was the Magnet TV first exhibited?

A

1965

149
Q

When the Magnet TV was first exhibited, what was special about it?

A

it was interactive, they could move the magnet on the top of the TV to change the images

150
Q

Why did they stop allowing the Magnet TV to be interactive in 1982?

A

because it was becoming a safety concern

151
Q

Which president signed the Interstate Highway Act?

A

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

152
Q

What was the largest publics work program in U.S. history?

A

the Interstate Highway Act

153
Q

In 1980, what percent of households in the U.S. owned at least one motor vehicle?

A

87.2%

154
Q

In 1980, what percent of households in the U.S. owned at least one motor vehicle?

A

51.5%

155
Q

Who made Velvet White

A

John Chamberlain

156
Q

What year was Velvet White made?

A

1962

157
Q

Who was one of the most influential Abstract Expressionists for 3D in the 20th century?

A

John Chamberlain

158
Q

What was Junk Art?

A

scrap metal being reclaimed and reinterpreted as a fine art

159
Q

What did Chamberlain use to make Velvet White?

A

metal from a 1929 Ford Pie Wagon

Dcjjdnduebrhd Da (6 decks)

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