Section VI: Scientific Innovations in Paint, the Advent of Photography, and the Machine as Art and Artist Flashcards
1
Q
Before the 18th century, how were most colors for oil paints made?
A
they were naturally derived, so made from natural materials
2
Q
Where was Prussian Blue discovered?
A
a laboratory in Berlin
3
Q
True or False: Prussian Blue was an accidental discovery.
A
True
4
Q
When was Prussian blue discovered?
A
1704
5
Q
Why was Prussian blue named Prussian blue?
A
because it originated in the Prussian Empire
6
Q
What was one of the most expensive artistic pigments at that time?
A
ultramarine
7
Q
How was ultramarine made?
A
it was produced by grinding lapis lazuli stone into a fine powder
8
Q
Where was lapis lazuli stone found?
A
Afghanistan
9
Q
What type of paintings was ultramarine reserved for?
A
religious paintings, specifically for the clothes of the Virgin Mary
10
Q
Who discovered Prussian Blue?
A
Jacob Diesbach
11
Q
Prussian blue made a market for what type of pigments?
A
blue pigments
12
Q
What are the ingredients for cochineal red lake?
A
iron sulfate and potash
13
Q
What caused the potash Diesbach bought to turn deep blue?
A
a reaction between iron, sulfate, and the contaminated alkali
14
Q
What painting from the resource guide used Prussian blue?
A
Self Portrait in a Straw Hat
15
Q
Where was Marie-Louise-Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun born?
A
Paris, France
16
Q
How old was Lebrun when her father died?
A
12 years old
17
Q
Why was Lebrun initially denied into the French Royal Academy in Paris?
A
because of her gender
18
Q
What did Lebrun do when she got rejected from the French Royal Academy?
A
she took matters into her own hands and self-taught herself so well that she was accepted into the Academy
19
Q
When did Lebrun begin painting portraits?
A
when she was a teenager
20
Q
Why were Lebrun’s early portraits illegal?
A
because you had to be a member of a painter’s guild or an academy
21
Q
Her paintings became a favorite of which French queen?
A
Queen Marie-Antoinette
22
Q
What type of art style were her portraits generally considered?
A
Rococo
23
Q
What are some attributes of the Rococo art style?
A
they are lively, colorful, and very vibrant
24
Q
The word Rocaille is derived from the French word for _________.
A
pebble
25
Rococo is similar to which other art style?
Baroque style
26
What is rocaille?
the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors in gardens
27
What is one main color on her palette in the work Self Portrait in a Straw Hat?
Prussian blue
28
What mood does the color Prussian blue create in the portrait?
a relaxed, serene feel
29
Art historians have found the pose Lebrun has in her portrait is adopted from which other artist?
Ruben
30
In Ruben's self-portrait in a straw hat, is her hat made from straw?
No, her hat is made from felt
31
How does Lebrun improve on Ruben's original portrait?
she paints herself in a straw hat
32
When was the French Revolution?
1789
33
Why did Lebrun despise her spouse?
because he would take her earnings
34
When did Lebrun leave her husband?
1794
35
What invention made paint more portable and long-lasting?
the invention of the metal paint tube
36
What does en plein air mean?
in the open air
37
What did plein air painting allow artists to do?
it lets them observe the changes in natural lighting as the sun and clouds move across the sky
38
Claude Monet was a painter of which art movement?
the Impressionist movement
39
Where were pigments crushed in the 1740s?
paint-mills
40
What powered paint-mills?
they used to be horse-powered
41
Were the paints made by the paint-mills better or worse quality than the ones ground up by hand?
they were worse quality
42
In what decade did the paint mills become steam-powered?
the 1820s
43
When did mechanically ground products become better quality?
1836
44
When was the collapsible metal tube invented?
it was invented in 1841, but the patent was made in March of 1841
45
Who invented the collapsible metal tube?
John Goffe Rand
46
What did artists use to store paint before the collapsible metal tube?
a pig's bladder sealed with string
47
How did the collapsible metal tube help artists?
it allowed them to use paint multiple times without it drying up and it didn't leak
48
Impressionist painter Auguste Renoir said that without the collapsible metal tube, what wouldn't have happened?
he said there would be no Monet, Sisley, or any other Impressionist painters, even saying Impressionism wouldn't have been a thing
49
Impasto comes from which Italian verb?
impastare
50
What does impastare mean?
it means to knead or paste and it refers to thickly laying paint out so it will stick out from the rest of the painting
51
Jackson Pollock first used a new synthetic paint that was made of which type of plastic?
It was made of a plastic called acrylic
52
When did Claude Monet paint the Bridge at Argenteuil?
1874
53
How many times did Monet paint the Bridge at Argenteuil?
7 times
54
What colors are used in the water for the Bridge at Argenteuil?
Prussian blue, cerulean, ochre, mauve, and white
55
The use of complementary colors was a main philosophy for which color theory?
the Impressionist color theory
56
How do you identify the complementary colors on the color wheel?
they are the colors that are opposite of each other
57
What was the first camera called?
a camera obscura
58
What was the camera obscura used for?
it was an optical tool used to copy the outside world and receive unbiased visual information, often used as a drawing aid
59
Camera obscura is Latin for what?
dark chamber
60
What was a camera obscura?
it was a dark room with a small opening in one wall that was like a lens, focusing the image onto the opposite wall
61
Did the camera obscura support imagination or personal style?
No, because they were meant to be real images that were unbiased
62
63
What were the basic ingredients for photography?
a light-tight box, lenses, and light-sensitive materials
64
Was photography really considered an invention?
No, it was more like a progressive history of improving techniques over time
65
Who was Antoine Hercules Romuald Florence?
a French artist and cartographer used light-sensitive materials to copy written documents
66
67
What did Florence call his method?
photographie
68
Photographie comes from the Greek words for _______ and ___________.
light and writing
69
Was Louis Daguerre's method for taking detailed photographs similar or different than Florence's?
It was very different
70
In England, scientists Humphry Davy and Thomas Wedgewood did similar experiments in light-writing compared to Florence. Were Davy and Wedgewood successful in their experiments?
No, because their light-sensitive material wasn't that completely sensitive to light and it needed another material to make it work
71
When did Wedgewood die?
1805
72
What is the world's oldest surviving permanent photograph?
the View from the Window at Le Gras
73
How long was the View from the Window at Le Gras exposed to the sun?
8 hours
74
In the photograph View from the Window at Le Gras, why does the sunlight appear to be shining on both ends of the building?
it looks this way because the photo was left out for 8 hours while the sun was moving across the sky
75
When did Daguerre start collaborating with Niecpce?
1829
76
What was the world's first widely successful and commercially available photographic method?
the daguerreotype
77
When did Niepce die?
1833
78
After Niepce's death, what was Daguerre's new objective?
to create and develop a latent image
79
What is a latent image?
an image that was on the surface of the photographic plate during exposure, but was invisible until chemical processing
80
What were latent images treated with to make the image appear?
mercury fumes
81
How long was the exposure time for a latent image?
4-5 minutes
82
True or False: Latent images were less refined and not as sharp as the daguerreotype.
False, latent images were more refined and sharper than the daguerreotype
83
Daguerre's invention started a booming portrait industry around the globe, especially in which country?
the United States
84
When did the French government announce the daguerreotype?
1839
85
Which American artist and inventor brought the daguerreotype to the U.S.?
Samuel Morse
86
Do daguerrotypes fade?
No, they retain their detail and shine very well
87
Where was Frederick Douglass born?
Maryland on a plantation
88
How old was he when escaped Maryland to go to the North?
early 20s
89
What did he mostly write about?
influential antislavery books
90
How did Douglass see this type of photography?
as a way to fight racial prejudice and stereotypes
91
Who was the most photographed person of the 19th century?
Frederick Douglass
92
How many times did Frederick Douglass have his picture taken in the 18th century?
over 160 times
93
How many times did Abraham Lincoln have his picture taken in the 18th century?
126 times
94
Why didn't Frederick Douglass smile in his photographs?
he didn't want to play into the "happy slave" stereotype
95
What did Frederick Douglass call the most "democratic" medium?
photography
96
What is polygenesis?
a theory that states that black people weren't direct descendants of the first humans (thought to be Adam and Eve)
97
By the end of the Civil War in 1861, what new photographic technology overtook the daguerreotype?
the wet-plate process
98
What was Precisionism?
an art movement that emerged in the U.S. focused on the built environment around us
99
Precisionism borrowed from what other art movement?
cubism
100
What was cubism?
an art movement that was focused on abstraction
101
Precisionism celebrated new American landscapes, such as ________, __________, and ________.
skyscrapers, bridges, and factories
102
What was Berenice Abbott able to do in 1935 after she had documented the rapid urbanization of NYC?
She was able to receive money from the Federal Art Project
103
The photographs from her years of documentation were published collectively in 1939, it was called "_______ ______ _____".
Changing New York
104
What other work of art was included in the Federal Arts Project?
Penn State Interior
105
When is Penn State Interior dated?
1935 to 1938
106
What is Pennsylvania Station and where is it located?
it is an important transit hub and is located in central Manhattan
107
Why did the filtered light on the photograph Penn Station, Interior turn hazy?
it turned hazy due to its long exposure time
108
How many acres of city space did Pennsylvania Station take up?
up to 8 acres
109
When was Pennsylvania Station completed?
1910
110
Who designed Pennsylvania Station?
McKim, Mead, and White
111
When was Pennsylvania Station demolished?
1963
112
What replaced Pennsylvania Station after it was demolished?
Madison Square Garden
113
Before photography's invention in 1839, what was the most prominent way of taking portraits?
the silhouette
114
How are silhouettes made?
they are made by tracing out a person's shadow and cutting out the painting in the outlined, so the black shape is revealed
115
Why were silhouettes preferred over oil paintings?
they were cheaper and took only minutes
116
What is a physiognotrace?
a contraption that copies a person's traced profile onto a 2-folded white paper to make multiple identical silhouettes, but smaller
117
Where was the physiognotrace invented?
France
118
Who invented the physiognotrace?
Gilles-Louis Chretien
119
When was the physiognotrace invented?
around 1786
120
When did Charles Wilson Peale open his museum?
1784
121
When did Peale adopt the physiognotrace into his museum?
1802
122
How much money was the commission Peale paid Moses Williams?
8 cents
123
Who did Williams marry?
the Peale family's white cook
124
Who invented instantaneous photography?
Eadward Muybridge
125
126
What was a large debate about horses in the 1870s?
Was there a moment when all the hooves of a horse were above ground, floating?
127
Who took up a frequently debated question about horses in the 1870s?
Leland Stanford
128
Who founded Stanford University?
Lean Stanford
129
Why did Muybridge and Stanford make "the Horse in Motion"
to see down to the 1/1000th second if there was a time where all 4 of a horse's hooves were above ground
130
Why did some people not believe Muybridge's evidence?
some people didn't believe it because the pictures looked so fake
131
What is a zoopraxiscope?
a lantern that projected images onto a rotating glass disc at such a high speed that it looked like a continuous moving picture
132
Who invented film?
the Lumiere brothers
133
In the early 20th century, which group of people quickly adopted film?
avant-garde artists
134
What does avant-garde mean?
it is the French military term for "advance guard"
135
When were television sets first shown to the public?
1928
136
In 1946 how many U.S. homes had a TV?
6 thousand
137
In 1951, how many U.S. homes had TVs?
12 million
138
In the late 90s, what percent of U.S. homes had at least one TV?
98%
139
What was one of the most important factors in the rapid growth of the TV?
WWII
140
What event was viewed as the turning point in the history of art?
the Second World War or WWII
141
When did abstract expressionism flourish in New York?
the 1950s and 1960s
142
What s Abstract Expressionism?
a type of abstract art characterized by the brushstrokes and the impression of spontaneity
143
Who was hailed as the father of video art?
Nam June Paik
144
Where was Nam June Paik born
South Korea
145
Paik treated the TV screen like a ____________.
canvas
146
Did Paik want to make TV strange and unfamiliar, or comfortable and normal?
he wanted to make is strange and unfamiliar, outside of our comfort zone
147
What is one of Paik's earlies TV based artworks, made in 1965?
the Magnet TV
148
When was the Magnet TV first exhibited?
1965
149
When the Magnet TV was first exhibited, what was special about it?
it was interactive, they could move the magnet on the top of the TV to change the images
150
Why did they stop allowing the Magnet TV to be interactive in 1982?
because it was becoming a safety concern
151
Which president signed the Interstate Highway Act?
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
152
What was the largest publics work program in U.S. history?
the Interstate Highway Act
153
In 1980, what percent of households in the U.S. owned at least one motor vehicle?
87.2%
154
In 1980, what percent of households in the U.S. owned at least one motor vehicle?
51.5%
155
Who made Velvet White
John Chamberlain
156
What year was Velvet White made?
1962
157
Who was one of the most influential Abstract Expressionists for 3D in the 20th century?
John Chamberlain
158
What was Junk Art?
scrap metal being reclaimed and reinterpreted as a fine art
159
What did Chamberlain use to make Velvet White?
metal from a 1929 Ford Pie Wagon
