Section IV: Art, Technology, and the Advent of Global Trade Flashcards
Where were compasses invented?
China
What method of navigation did compasses replace?
astronomical methods
What time period did the compass ignite?
the Age of Discovery
What was the Age of Discovery?
a time when almost every European major power sent explorers to claim new lands
When was the Age of Discovery?
1492 to 1565
Venetian glass required imported materials from which countries?
Syria and Egypt
Where was lapis lazuli found?
Afghanistan
Which group of people were the earliest printers?
the Sumerians
Which people invented paper and when?
the Chinese, second-century
Who wrote Nung Shu?
Wang Chen
What was the world’s first mass-produced book?
Nung Shu
How many Guttenburg presses were in Germany by 1500?
over a thousand
In 1600, how many books had the Guttenburg presses in Europe made?
over 200 million
What is a matrix?
a technique that was made to make multiple copies of the same picture from a slab of wood or metal
What is a woodcut?
a design carved into a wood block with chisels, gouges, or knives
What is the earliest method of printmaking?
woodblock prints or woodcuts
What is a burin?
a steel shaft with a diamond shaped tip use to engrave
Who made Melencolia I?
Albrecht Durer
When was Melenolia I made?
1514
Where was Durer born?
the Franconian city of Nuremberg
Which people helped Durer market his art?
his wife, mother, and his agent
When did Durer file his first artistic copyright?
1506
What is Melencolia I?
a spiritual self-portrait of Durer
What is stipple engraving?
designs made by small dots engraved on the metal surface of the matrix
Who made The Annunciation?
Fra Filippo Lippi
When was The Annunciation made?
1450-1453
What is a lunette?
a semi-circular wood panel
The Annunciation depicts which figure?
the Virgin Mary
Who made Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes?
Artemisia Gentileschi
When was the Judith painting made?
1623-1625
Where had the artistic center of Europe moved from and to?
it moved from Florence to Rome
What artistic style is mostly associated with the 17th century?
the Baroque
What language and word does Baroque come from?
it comes from the Portuguese word barroco
What does barroco mean?
irregular pearl
Who trained Gentileschi to be an artist when she was young?
her artistic father
What was special about Gentileschi’s paintings?
They looked extremely realistic
Where did the characters Judith and Holfernes from the painting Judith and Her Maidservant… come from?
the Bible’s Old Testament
What is tenebrism?
a strong use of contrasting light and dark in a painting
Who was Gentileschi r***ed by who she was young?
her art teacher Agostino Tassi
What happened to Tassi after he r***ed Gentileschi?
there was a public trial and he was found guilty, his punishment was being banished from Rome
After bronze, what is the oldest manmade material?
glass
Where is cristallo glass made?
Venice, Italy
What is “rock crystal” in Italian?
rocca di cristallo
At the dawn of the Renaissance, what was one of the richest states in Italy?
Venice
What other areas had relations with Venice and traded with them a lot?
Persia and the Byzantine Empire
Who discovered the process for making cristallo?
Angelo Barovier
When was the process for making cristallo discovered?
around 1450
What was glass like before the invention of cristallo glass?
glass was typically thick with a yellow or greenish color
Where was glassmaking restricted to starting in 1291?
glass could only have been made on the Island of Murano because of laws restricting it from being made anywhere else
What were the 4 ingredients of making cristallo glass?
a former, flux, stabilizer, and decolorizer
What is silica?
a hard, unreactive, colorless compound that occurs as the mineral quartz
Where was silica imported from?
the Ticino and Adige Rivers of mainland Italy
What was the flux for?
lowering the melting point of the silica
What was flux found as?
a special ash plan called allume catina
What countries were flux imported from?
Syria and Egypt
When did Venice start importing flux?
1285
What were the ingredients most likely used in the stabilizers?
alumina, lime, and magnesia
What was the compound used for the decolorizer?
manganese dioxide
Where was the decolorizer collected from?
the Piemonte region of Italy
How far was the Piemonte region of Italy from Venice?
250 miles
Which royal family wanted the Behaim Beaker to be made?
the Behaim family of Nuremburg, Germany
Approximately when was the Behaim Beaker made?
1495
Why was the Behaim Beaker made?
it was made to celebrate the marriage of Michael IV Behaim and Katharina Locherin
When were Behaim and Locherin married?
June 7, 1495
How far did the custom-made Behaim Beaker travel to reach Nuremburg?
over 375 miles
In the Benin Plaque with Oba, what was the head-to-body ratio?
1:4
What is high relief?
forms on the higher end of the surface of an artwork
What is low relief?
forms on the lower end of the surface of an artwork
