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Dcjjdnduebrhd Da > Section I: Introduction to Music and Art History > Flashcards

Section I: Introduction to Music and Art History Flashcards

1
Q

What is required to make music?

A

a time frame, sound, and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret the sounds

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1
Q

What is music?

A

sound organized in time

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2
Q

What is a composer?

A

a person who first imagines the music and has performers make the sounds, and records and reproduces this music

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3
Q

What is sound?

A

a wave of energy

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4
Q

What are 2 attributes of sound waves that vary between each one?

A

amplitude and frequency

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5
Q

What does amplitude affect?

A

the decibel level, or how loud/soft a sound is

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6
Q

What does frequency affect?

A

the pitch

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7
Q

What is pitch?

A

the highness or lowness of a sound

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8
Q

When a wave is between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second, what do we hear it as?

A

a single, sustained tone

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9
Q

What does Hz represent?

A

cycles per second

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10
Q

What frequency do musicians in the U.S. typically tune their instruments to?

A

440 Hz or A-440

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of musical sounds?

A

pitched and non-pitched

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12
Q

What type of instruments typically provide non-pitched sounds in music?

A

percussion instruments

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13
Q

Who are scholars that study the music of other cultures called?

A

ethnomusicologists

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14
Q

Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel created which 4 groups of instrument categories?

A

chordophones, aerophones, membranophones, and idiophones

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15
Q

What fifth category was later added to the Sachs and Hornbostel classification of instruments?

A

electrophones

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16
Q

What are examples of chordophones?

A

string instruments, like violins, guitars, and harps

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17
Q

What are examples of aerophones?

A

brass and woodwind instruments, like horns and flutes

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18
Q

What are membranophones?

A

instruments that have a skin or other type of membrane that vibrates when struck

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19
Q

What are examples of idiophones?

A

bells, woodblocks, and xylophones

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20
Q

What are the instrument families?

A

brass, woodwinds, strings, percussion, and sometimes keyboards

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21
Q

When did electronic instruments first begin to appear?

A

the early 20th century

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22
Q

What is one of the best-known early electronic instruments?

A

the theremin

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23
Q

A single musical sound has which 4 properties?

A

pitch, duration, volume, and timbre

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24
What is the distance between any 2 adjacent keys on the keyboard of a piano called?
a half-step or semitone
25
What is the distance between every other piano key called?
a whole step
26
What are the white keys of a piano keyboard typically called?
the natural keys
27
What is the distance between any 2 pitches called?
an interval
28
Intervals can be performed so that it is _______ or ________.
harmonic or melodic
29
What are the 3 types of minor scales?
natural/pure minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor
30
What is a melody?
a series of successive pitches perceived to form a coherent whole
31
What is rhythm?
the way music is organized in time
32
What is a beat?
a steady pulse that underlies most music
33
What is the speed of a beat called?
the tempo
34
What does Allegro mean?
cheerful
35
What is a ritardando?
when the music slows down
36
What is an accelerando?
when the music speeds up
37
What is gradually slowing or speeding up the tempo in music written as?
poco apoco
38
What is suddenly slowing or speeding up the tempo in music written as?
subito
39
What is it called when music has no beat?
unmetered
40
What is slowing down or speeding up the tempo for expressive effect called?
rubato
41
Which beat of each measure is typically the strongest?
the first beat
42
What is the first beat of a measure called?
the downbeat
43
What is the longest note symbol used today?
the whole note
44
What does a dot after a note do to the note value?
it increases it by 1/2
45
What are ties?
curved lines that connect notes of the same pitch to tie or add up their values together
46
What are symbols for silence called in music?
rests
47
What is harmony?
2 or more tones occurring simultaneously
48
What is a chord?
3 or more pitches sounding simultaneously
49
What is form considered as?
the architecture of music
50
What is form?
how music is organized on a larger time scale
51
What is the smallest unit of form?
a motive
52
What is a melodic or rhythmic motive that is repeated many times in succession called?
an ostinato
53
Ostinato comes from the Italian word for ___________.
obstinate
54
What is a phrase?
a cohesive musical thought
55
What is a theme?
a set of phrases that make a complete melody
56
What is an Introduction in music?
music that precedes the first main theme
57
58
What is a coda?
a conclusive composition that wraps up the piece
59
What are the most basic formal processes in music?
repetition, variation, and contrast
60
What is repetition?
repeating musical material
61
What is a sequence?
a musical idea repeated at a different pitch level
62
What can a sequence be?
melodic, rhythmic, harmonic, or a combination of them
63
What is variation?
repetition with enough changes that the listener senses similarities and differences
64
What is a fine art?
paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures, and architecture
65
Which ancient Roman historian sought to analyze historical and contemporary art?
Pliny the Elder
66
67
Pliny the Elder wanted to analyze art in which text?
Natural History
68
Who wrote Natural History?
Pliny the Elder
69
Who made The Lives of Artists?
Giorgio Vasari
70
Modern art history was strongly influenced by which 18th-century philosophy?
the Enlightenment philosophy
71
What is the most basic of the art elements?
the line
72
What is a line?j
the path of a point moving through space
73
What are the characteristics of a line?
length, width, and direction
74
What feeling do horizontal and vertical lines create?
a stable and static feeling
75
What feeling do horizontal lines create?
peace and tranquility
76
Medieval churches were made with high arched ceilings to raise the eyes of people and create what feeling?
spiritual awe
77
What sense do curved and jagged lines create?
a sense of activity
78
What is shape in art?
an art form that defines the 2D area of an object
79
What is form in art?
3D objects that have length, width, and depth
80
Is a triangle an example of shape or form?
shape
81
Is a cube an example of shape or form?
form
82
Is a cone an example of shape or form?
form
83
Is a square an example of shape or form?
shape
84
Is a pyramid an example of shape or form?
form
85
What techniques do artists use to create the illusion of form in art?
shading, foreshortening, perspective, and others
86
What are geometric shapes and forms?
shape and form that can be defined mathematically, like a square
87
What are organic shapes and forms?
shape and form that is irregular and freeform
88
What is space in art?
the organization of objects and the areas around them
89
What is positive space in art?
the objects, shapes, and forms that take up space
90
What is negative space in art?
the area around the positive space
91
What are the 2 types of sculptures?
freestanding and relief
92
What are freestanding sculptures?
sculptures that can stand by themselves and aren't attached to anything
93
What are relief sculptures?
sculptures that project off of another surface
94
What are high-relief sculptures?
sculptures that project greatly off of another surface
95
What are bas-relief sculptures?
also called low-relief, sculptures that don't project much off of another surface
96
What is perspective in art?
the illusion of depth
97
What are contours?
visible borders
98
What does placing objects lower on the picture plane do?
it makes them look closer
99
What does placing objects higher on the picture plane do?
it makes them look farther
100
What is aerial perspective?
a type of perspective that takes account of fog, smoke, and other airborne particles
101
What is linear perspective?
a visual phenomenon where lines seem to recede into the distance
102
What are the 3 primary colors of pigment?
red, blue, and yellow
103
How many tertiary colors are there?
6
104
Who made the underlying concepts for the color wheel?
Sir Isaac Newton
105
When does the color wheel date back to?
the 18th century
106
What colors are not hues?
black, white, and the colors you can make from them
107
What are black and white considered as?
neutrals
108
What is value?
the lightness or darkness of a color or gray
109
What is intensity in art?
the brightness or purity of a color
110
What are the most intense colors?
the unmixed primary colors
111
What does mixing 2 colors do to the intensity of the colors?
it lowers their intensity
112
What are the warm colors?
red, orange, and yellow
113
What are the cool colors?
green, blue, and violet
114
What do we associate warm colors with?
the warmth of the sun, the heat of a fire, or the dry grass of a summer day
115
What do we associate cool colors with?
cool forests, mountain lakes, and snow
116
What can colors be?
optical, arbitrary, or local
117
What are local colors?
the true appearance of a color, like a field of grass being painted as green
118
What are optical colors?
the effect of special lighting on other colors
119
What are arbitrary colors?
colors used for their aesthetic or emotional impact
120
When have arbitrary colors become more popular?
the 20th and 21st century
121
What is texture?
how things would feel if they were touched

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