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Dcjjdnduebrhd Da > Section I: Introduction to Music and Art History > Flashcards

Section I: Introduction to Music and Art History Flashcards

1
Q

What is required to make music?

A

a time frame, sound, and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret the sounds

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1
Q

What is music?

A

sound organized in time

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2
Q

What is a composer?

A

a person who first imagines the music and has performers make the sounds, and records and reproduces this music

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3
Q

What is sound?

A

a wave of energy

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4
Q

What are 2 attributes of sound waves that vary between each one?

A

amplitude and frequency

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5
Q

What does amplitude affect?

A

the decibel level, or how loud/soft a sound is

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6
Q

What does frequency affect?

A

the pitch

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7
Q

What is pitch?

A

the highness or lowness of a sound

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8
Q

When a wave is between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second, what do we hear it as?

A

a single, sustained tone

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9
Q

What does Hz represent?

A

cycles per second

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10
Q

What frequency do musicians in the U.S. typically tune their instruments to?

A

440 Hz or A-440

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of musical sounds?

A

pitched and non-pitched

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12
Q

What type of instruments typically provide non-pitched sounds in music?

A

percussion instruments

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13
Q

Who are scholars that study the music of other cultures called?

A

ethnomusicologists

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14
Q

Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel created which 4 groups of instrument categories?

A

chordophones, aerophones, membranophones, and idiophones

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15
Q

What fifth category was later added to the Sachs and Hornbostel classification of instruments?

A

electrophones

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16
Q

What are examples of chordophones?

A

string instruments, like violins, guitars, and harps

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17
Q

What are examples of aerophones?

A

brass and woodwind instruments, like horns and flutes

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18
Q

What are membranophones?

A

instruments that have a skin or other type of membrane that vibrates when struck

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19
Q

What are examples of idiophones?

A

bells, woodblocks, and xylophones

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20
Q

What are the instrument families?

A

brass, woodwinds, strings, percussion, and sometimes keyboards

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21
Q

When did electronic instruments first begin to appear?

A

the early 20th century

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22
Q

What is one of the best-known early electronic instruments?

A

the theremin

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23
Q

A single musical sound has which 4 properties?

A

pitch, duration, volume, and timbre

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24
Q

What is the distance between any 2 adjacent keys on the keyboard of a piano called?

A

a half-step or semitone

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25
Q

What is the distance between every other piano key called?

A

a whole step

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26
Q

What are the white keys of a piano keyboard typically called?

A

the natural keys

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27
Q

What is the distance between any 2 pitches called?

A

an interval

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28
Q

Intervals can be performed so that it is _______ or ________.

A

harmonic or melodic

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of minor scales?

A

natural/pure minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor

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30
Q

What is a melody?

A

a series of successive pitches perceived to form a coherent whole

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31
Q

What is rhythm?

A

the way music is organized in time

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32
Q

What is a beat?

A

a steady pulse that underlies most music

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33
Q

What is the speed of a beat called?

A

the tempo

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34
Q

What does Allegro mean?

A

cheerful

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35
Q

What is a ritardando?

A

when the music slows down

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36
Q

What is an accelerando?

A

when the music speeds up

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37
Q

What is gradually slowing or speeding up the tempo in music written as?

A

poco apoco

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38
Q

What is suddenly slowing or speeding up the tempo in music written as?

A

subito

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39
Q

What is it called when music has no beat?

A

unmetered

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40
Q

What is slowing down or speeding up the tempo for expressive effect called?

A

rubato

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41
Q

Which beat of each measure is typically the strongest?

A

the first beat

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42
Q

What is the first beat of a measure called?

A

the downbeat

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43
Q

What is the longest note symbol used today?

A

the whole note

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44
Q

What does a dot after a note do to the note value?

A

it increases it by 1/2

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45
Q

What are ties?

A

curved lines that connect notes of the same pitch to tie or add up their values together

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46
Q

What are symbols for silence called in music?

A

rests

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47
Q

What is harmony?

A

2 or more tones occurring simultaneously

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48
Q

What is a chord?

A

3 or more pitches sounding simultaneously

49
Q

What is form considered as?

A

the architecture of music

50
Q

What is form?

A

how music is organized on a larger time scale

51
Q

What is the smallest unit of form?

A

a motive

52
Q

What is a melodic or rhythmic motive that is repeated many times in succession called?

A

an ostinato

53
Q

Ostinato comes from the Italian word for ___________.

A

obstinate

54
Q

What is a phrase?

A

a cohesive musical thought

55
Q

What is a theme?

A

a set of phrases that make a complete melody

56
Q

What is an Introduction in music?

A

music that precedes the first main theme

57
Q
A
58
Q

What is a coda?

A

a conclusive composition that wraps up the piece

59
Q

What are the most basic formal processes in music?

A

repetition, variation, and contrast

60
Q

What is repetition?

A

repeating musical material

61
Q

What is a sequence?

A

a musical idea repeated at a different pitch level

62
Q

What can a sequence be?

A

melodic, rhythmic, harmonic, or a combination of them

63
Q

What is variation?

A

repetition with enough changes that the listener senses similarities and differences

64
Q

What is a fine art?

A

paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures, and architecture

65
Q

Which ancient Roman historian sought to analyze historical and contemporary art?

A

Pliny the Elder

66
Q
A
67
Q

Pliny the Elder wanted to analyze art in which text?

A

Natural History

68
Q

Who wrote Natural History?

A

Pliny the Elder

69
Q

Who made The Lives of Artists?

A

Giorgio Vasari

70
Q

Modern art history was strongly influenced by which 18th-century philosophy?

A

the Enlightenment philosophy

71
Q

What is the most basic of the art elements?

A

the line

72
Q

What is a line?j

A

the path of a point moving through space

73
Q

What are the characteristics of a line?

A

length, width, and direction

74
Q

What feeling do horizontal and vertical lines create?

A

a stable and static feeling

75
Q

What feeling do horizontal lines create?

A

peace and tranquility

76
Q

Medieval churches were made with high arched ceilings to raise the eyes of people and create what feeling?

A

spiritual awe

77
Q

What sense do curved and jagged lines create?

A

a sense of activity

78
Q

What is shape in art?

A

an art form that defines the 2D area of an object

79
Q

What is form in art?

A

3D objects that have length, width, and depth

80
Q

Is a triangle an example of shape or form?

A

shape

81
Q

Is a cube an example of shape or form?

A

form

82
Q

Is a cone an example of shape or form?

A

form

83
Q

Is a square an example of shape or form?

A

shape

84
Q

Is a pyramid an example of shape or form?

A

form

85
Q

What techniques do artists use to create the illusion of form in art?

A

shading, foreshortening, perspective, and others

86
Q

What are geometric shapes and forms?

A

shape and form that can be defined mathematically, like a square

87
Q

What are organic shapes and forms?

A

shape and form that is irregular and freeform

88
Q

What is space in art?

A

the organization of objects and the areas around them

89
Q

What is positive space in art?

A

the objects, shapes, and forms that take up space

90
Q

What is negative space in art?

A

the area around the positive space

91
Q

What are the 2 types of sculptures?

A

freestanding and relief

92
Q

What are freestanding sculptures?

A

sculptures that can stand by themselves and aren’t attached to anything

93
Q

What are relief sculptures?

A

sculptures that project off of another surface

94
Q

What are high-relief sculptures?

A

sculptures that project greatly off of another surface

95
Q

What are bas-relief sculptures?

A

also called low-relief, sculptures that don’t project much off of another surface

96
Q

What is perspective in art?

A

the illusion of depth

97
Q

What are contours?

A

visible borders

98
Q

What does placing objects lower on the picture plane do?

A

it makes them look closer

99
Q

What does placing objects higher on the picture plane do?

A

it makes them look farther

100
Q

What is aerial perspective?

A

a type of perspective that takes account of fog, smoke, and other airborne particles

101
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

a visual phenomenon where lines seem to recede into the distance

102
Q

What are the 3 primary colors of pigment?

A

red, blue, and yellow

103
Q

How many tertiary colors are there?

A

6

104
Q

Who made the underlying concepts for the color wheel?

A

Sir Isaac Newton

105
Q

When does the color wheel date back to?

A

the 18th century

106
Q

What colors are not hues?

A

black, white, and the colors you can make from them

107
Q

What are black and white considered as?

A

neutrals

108
Q

What is value?

A

the lightness or darkness of a color or gray

109
Q

What is intensity in art?

A

the brightness or purity of a color

110
Q

What are the most intense colors?

A

the unmixed primary colors

111
Q

What does mixing 2 colors do to the intensity of the colors?

A

it lowers their intensity

112
Q

What are the warm colors?

A

red, orange, and yellow

113
Q

What are the cool colors?

A

green, blue, and violet

114
Q

What do we associate warm colors with?

A

the warmth of the sun, the heat of a fire, or the dry grass of a summer day

115
Q

What do we associate cool colors with?

A

cool forests, mountain lakes, and snow

116
Q

What can colors be?

A

optical, arbitrary, or local

117
Q

What are local colors?

A

the true appearance of a color, like a field of grass being painted as green

118
Q

What are optical colors?

A

the effect of special lighting on other colors

119
Q

What are arbitrary colors?

A

colors used for their aesthetic or emotional impact

120
Q

When have arbitrary colors become more popular?

A

the 20th and 21st century

121
Q

What is texture?

A

how things would feel if they were touched

Dcjjdnduebrhd Da (6 decks)

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