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Dcjjdnduebrhd Da > Section II: Premodern Advances in Technology > Flashcards

Section II: Premodern Advances in Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What allows clay to be made into porcelain?

A

a kiln

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2
Q

What did the Romans call concrete?

A

opus caementicium

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3
Q

What are the basic materials to make Roman concrete?

A

lime mortar, broken stone, sand, and water

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4
Q

When did Emperor Trojan die?

A

117 CE

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5
Q

At its peak, the Roman Empire conquered land in how many different continents?

A

3

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6
Q

Where was concrete first created?

A

the ancient Near East and Etruria

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7
Q

What sand was used to develop Roman concrete even more to make it stronger and more stable?

A

pozzolana sand

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8
Q

What is ashlar masonry?

A

cut-stone construction

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9
Q

How were concrete vaults superior to timbered vaults?

A

they were fireproof and had the ability to have windows added without worsening the structural integrity of the vault

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10
Q

What is one of the most technologically advanced structures built by the Romans?

A

the Pantheon

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11
Q

The Pantheon was constructed during the reign of which Roman emperor?

A

Emperor Hadrian

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12
Q

The Pantheon is dedicated to which 5 planetary gods?

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Uranus, and Mercury

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13
Q

The word pantheon is derived from which Greek words?

A

pan and theos

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14
Q

What do pan and theos mean?

A

pan - all, theos - gods

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15
Q

When was the Pantheon beaten for its title as the largest dome in the world?

A

the 16th century

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16
Q

What structure has the largest unreinforced dome?

A

the Pantheon

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17
Q

How big is the oculus in the Pantheon?

A

it is 27 feet in diameter

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18
Q

Oculus means what in Latin?

A

eye

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19
Q

What is an oculus?

A

a hole at the top of something that allows people to see through

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20
Q

What is the only light source of the Pantheon?

A

the oculus

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21
Q

What are coffers?

A

square decorative tiles on a dome that lessen the weight of a structure

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22
Q

What is a portico?

A

a porch leading to the end of something, usually shaded and held up by columns

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23
Q

What are pediments?

A

gables placed above the lintel of a door

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24
Q

For a visitor in Ancient Rome, what would have the illuminated circle made by the oculus represented?

A

the eye of Jupiter

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25
Q

Who is Jupiter?

A

the supreme celestial god ruling over all the other Roman gods and people

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26
Q

What did the dome and the oculus symbolize?

A

eternity and perfection

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27
Q

The Pantheon was which Roman emperor’s favorite place to hold court?

A

Emperor Hadrian

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28
Q

Where did ancient Egyptians think the afterlife was?

A

the Kingdom of Osiris

29
Q

What is the Kingdom of Osiris?

A

the land of the dead

30
Q

What did the Ancient Egyptians do to ensure safe passage into the Kingdom of Osiris?

A

they would preserve their bodies with their possessions

31
Q

What is mummification?

A

mummification is the wrapping up of the human body for preservation

32
Q

What would mummified Egyptians be stored in?

A

a sarcophagus

33
Q

What were bodies in Ancient Egypt buried with?

A

their belongings and a portrait of their face

34
Q

What was the function portrait that Egyptians were buried with?

A

it was a container that could preserve the dead’s ka in case the physical body didn’t last

35
Q

What does the Egyptian word “ka” mean?

A

soul

36
Q

How long is the process for embalming corpses?

A

72 days

37
Q

When the Ancient Egyptians removed some internal organs for the embalming process, which internal organ did they leave?

A

the heart

38
Q

What were Egyptian corpses packed in to help preserve the body?

A

natron

39
Q

What is natron?

A

a natural compound found in Egypt that is made up of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate

40
Q

How many layers of linen were Egyptian corpses wrapped in?

A

20

41
Q

Where were the internal organs of the corpse that was going to be mummified kept?

A

in canopic jars

42
Q

What did the Egyptians replace masks of the dead with?

A

painted portraits

43
Q

What is the encaustic technique?

A

where an artist mixes colored pigments and wax and applies it onto a smooth surface

44
Q

What are the earliest portraits that have survived?

A

Fayum portraits

45
Q

Where does the best evidence of the encaustic technique come from?

A

the region of Fayum in Egypt

46
Q

Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait of a Youth Egypt is an example of what type of portrait?

A

Fayum portraits

47
Q

Who is Anubis?

A

the Egyptian death god

48
Q

Which year did a fire destroy the church at Chartres in northern France?

A

1194

49
Q

When a fire destroyed the church at Chartres in northern France, the holy relic survived. What did officials interpret this as?

A

they interpreted this as a sign that Mary wanted a new church

50
Q

How many windows does Chartres Cathedral have?

A

180

51
Q

How much surface area do the windows at the Chartres Cathedral cover?

A

28,000 sq ft in total

52
Q

At the Chartres Cathedral, blue glass is used for stories from where?

A

the Old Testament

53
Q

At the Chartres Cathedral, rose and red glass is used for stories from where?

A

the New Testament

54
Q

The Chartres Cathedral is an example of architecture for which time period?

A

the High Gothic time period

55
Q

What type of window was favored by architects from the High Gothic period?

A

rose windows

56
Q

What is the theme of the south rose window at the Chartres Cathedral?

A

the Glorification of Christ

57
Q

What are lancet windows?

A

slender, pointed windows

58
Q

Jar With Dragon was made during which dynasty?

A

the Ming dynasty

59
Q

On the Jar With Dragon, where did the monstrous faces on the neck of the jar derive from?

A

the kirtimukha

60
Q

What does kirtimukha mean?

A

face of glory

61
Q

Where is kirtimukha often found?

A

Indo-Himalayan imagery

62
Q

The patterns and decorations on Jar With Dragon are the influence of what?

A

Daoism

63
Q

Who created Doaism?

A

Loa Zi

64
Q

What is one of the first truly global consumer products in history?

A

blue and white porcelain

65
Q

What 3 dynasties did trading ceramics last?

A

the Yuan, Ming, and Qing

66
Q

When did the word “china” start to be used to represent fine porcelain?

A

the 18th century

67
Q

British potters found a way to use __________ _______ instead of kaolin clay to make porcelain.

A

animal bones

68
Q

What is porcelain made out of animal bones called?

A

bone china

Dcjjdnduebrhd Da (6 decks)

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