Section II: Premodern Advances in Technology

Question 1

What allows clay to be made into porcelain?

Answer 1

a kiln

Question 2

What did the Romans call concrete?

Answer 2

opus caementicium

Question 3

What are the basic materials to make Roman concrete?

Answer 3

lime mortar, broken stone, sand, and water

Question 4

When did Emperor Trojan die?

Answer 4

117 CE

Question 5

At its peak, the Roman Empire conquered land in how many different continents?

Answer 5

3

Question 6

Where was concrete first created?

Answer 6

the ancient Near East and Etruria

Question 7

What sand was used to develop Roman concrete even more to make it stronger and more stable?

Answer 7

pozzolana sand

Question 8

What is ashlar masonry?

Answer 8

cut-stone construction

Question 9

How were concrete vaults superior to timbered vaults?

Answer 9

they were fireproof and had the ability to have windows added without worsening the structural integrity of the vault

Question 10

What is one of the most technologically advanced structures built by the Romans?

Answer 10

the Pantheon

Question 11

The Pantheon was constructed during the reign of which Roman emperor?

Answer 11

Emperor Hadrian

Question 12

The Pantheon is dedicated to which 5 planetary gods?

Answer 12

Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Uranus, and Mercury

Question 13

The word pantheon is derived from which Greek words?

Answer 13

pan and theos

Question 14

What do pan and theos mean?

Answer 14

pan - all, theos - gods

Question 15

When was the Pantheon beaten for its title as the largest dome in the world?

Answer 15

the 16th century

Question 16

What structure has the largest unreinforced dome?

Answer 16

the Pantheon

Question 17

How big is the oculus in the Pantheon?

Answer 17

it is 27 feet in diameter

Question 18

Oculus means what in Latin?

Answer 18

eye

Question 19

What is an oculus?

Answer 19

a hole at the top of something that allows people to see through

Question 20

What is the only light source of the Pantheon?

Answer 20

the oculus

Question 21

What are coffers?

Answer 21

square decorative tiles on a dome that lessen the weight of a structure

Question 22

What is a portico?

Answer 22

a porch leading to the end of something, usually shaded and held up by columns

Question 23

What are pediments?

Answer 23

gables placed above the lintel of a door

Question 24

For a visitor in Ancient Rome, what would have the illuminated circle made by the oculus represented?

Answer 24

the eye of Jupiter

Question 25

Who is Jupiter?

Answer 25

the supreme celestial god ruling over all the other Roman gods and people

Question 26

What did the dome and the oculus symbolize?

Answer 26

eternity and perfection

Question 27

The Pantheon was which Roman emperor's favorite place to hold court?

Answer 27

Emperor Hadrian

Question 28

Where did ancient Egyptians think the afterlife was?

Answer 28

the Kingdom of Osiris

Question 29

What is the Kingdom of Osiris?

Answer 29

the land of the dead

Question 30

What did the Ancient Egyptians do to ensure safe passage into the Kingdom of Osiris?

Answer 30

they would preserve their bodies with their possessions

Question 31

What is mummification?

Answer 31

mummification is the wrapping up of the human body for preservation

Question 32

What would mummified Egyptians be stored in?

Answer 32

a sarcophagus

Question 33

What were bodies in Ancient Egypt buried with?

Answer 33

their belongings and a portrait of their face

Question 34

What was the function portrait that Egyptians were buried with?

Answer 34

it was a container that could preserve the dead's ka in case the physical body didn't last

Question 35

What does the Egyptian word "ka" mean?

Answer 35

soul

Question 36

How long is the process for embalming corpses?

Answer 36

72 days

Question 37

When the Ancient Egyptians removed some internal organs for the embalming process, which internal organ did they leave?

Answer 37

the heart

Question 38

What were Egyptian corpses packed in to help preserve the body?

Answer 38

natron

Question 39

What is natron?

Answer 39

a natural compound found in Egypt that is made up of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate

Question 40

How many layers of linen were Egyptian corpses wrapped in?

Answer 40

20

Question 41

Where were the internal organs of the corpse that was going to be mummified kept?

Answer 41

in canopic jars

Question 42

What did the Egyptians replace masks of the dead with?

Answer 42

painted portraits

Question 43

What is the encaustic technique?

Answer 43

where an artist mixes colored pigments and wax and applies it onto a smooth surface

Question 44

What are the earliest portraits that have survived?

Answer 44

Fayum portraits

Question 45

Where does the best evidence of the encaustic technique come from?

Answer 45

the region of Fayum in Egypt

Question 46

Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait of a Youth Egypt is an example of what type of portrait?

Answer 46

Fayum portraits

Question 47

Who is Anubis?

Answer 47

the Egyptian death god

Question 48

Which year did a fire destroy the church at Chartres in northern France?

Answer 48

1194

Question 49

When a fire destroyed the church at Chartres in northern France, the holy relic survived. What did officials interpret this as?

Answer 49

they interpreted this as a sign that Mary wanted a new church

Question 50

How many windows does Chartres Cathedral have?

Answer 50

180

Question 51

How much surface area do the windows at the Chartres Cathedral cover?

Answer 51

28,000 sq ft in total

Question 52

At the Chartres Cathedral, blue glass is used for stories from where?

Answer 52

the Old Testament

Question 53

At the Chartres Cathedral, rose and red glass is used for stories from where?

Answer 53

the New Testament

Question 54

The Chartres Cathedral is an example of architecture for which time period?

Answer 54

the High Gothic time period

Question 55

What type of window was favored by architects from the High Gothic period?

Answer 55

rose windows

Question 56

What is the theme of the south rose window at the Chartres Cathedral?

Answer 56

the Glorification of Christ

Question 57

What are lancet windows?

Answer 57

slender, pointed windows

Question 58

Jar With Dragon was made during which dynasty?

Answer 58

the Ming dynasty

Question 59

On the Jar With Dragon, where did the monstrous faces on the neck of the jar derive from?

Answer 59

the kirtimukha

Question 60

What does kirtimukha mean?

Answer 60

face of glory

Question 61

Where is kirtimukha often found?

Answer 61

Indo-Himalayan imagery

Question 62

The patterns and decorations on Jar With Dragon are the influence of what?

Answer 62

Daoism

Question 63

Who created Doaism?

Answer 63

Loa Zi

Question 64

What is one of the first truly global consumer products in history?

Answer 64

blue and white porcelain

Question 65

What 3 dynasties did trading ceramics last?

Answer 65

the Yuan, Ming, and Qing

Question 66

When did the word "china" start to be used to represent fine porcelain?

Answer 66

the 18th century

Question 67

British potters found a way to use __________ _______ instead of kaolin clay to make porcelain.

Answer 67

animal bones

Question 68

What is porcelain made out of animal bones called?

Answer 68

bone china