SECTION F Flashcards
boron deficiency
basal chlorosis
thickened/curled leaves
terminal bud abortion
calcium deficiency
hooked newer/bud leaves
reduced root growth
chlorotic/necrotic submarginal spots
terminal bud abortion
copper deficiency
terminal leaves lose colour/wither
stunted growth
terminal bud abortion
rosetting
iron deficiency
young leaves with interveinal chlorosis
stalks short and slender
magnesium deficiency
interveinal chlorosis/mottling of older leaves
thin leaves with marginal scorch/cupping
manganese deficiency
young leaves with interveinal chlorosis or necrotic spots
leaves lose colour and drop
molybdenum deficiency
plants may become n deficient
leaves cupped/rolled, pale green
stunted growth
nitrogen deficiency
delayed maturity
light green leaves (older)
lower leaves turn yellow and drop
stunted growth
phosphorus deficiency
dark green/anthocyanescent stems, leaves, branches
reduction in number and quality of flowers and fruit
stunted growth
potassium deficiency
older leaves mottled, spotted, curled
marginal scorch
weak roots
stems slender and weak
fruits shrivelled
sulphur deficiency
similar to N but chlorosis on older and newer leaves alike
reduced growth
stems/roots brittle and slender
zinc deficiency
interveinal chlorosis to rapidly emerging necrotic spots
shortened internodes
abnormal roots
leaves thick
oldest leaves drop first
zinc deficiency
interveinal chlorosis to rapidly emerging necrotic spots
shortened internodes
abnormal roots
leaves thick
oldest leaves drop first
biotic stress pattern
non uniform
damage spread over time
signs are visible
abiotic stress pattern
uniform
damage doesn’t spread
signs not visible
parenchyma
all tissues
can transform into any other cells
living at maturity
thin cell walls
active in photosynthesis
regrowth of limbs`
collenchyma
ground tissue
structural rigidity
living at maturity
cellery strands
under epidermal layer
supports vascular tissues
sclerenchyma
in most tissues
dead at maturity
thick 2 layered cell
structural support (fibrous)
seed coats
xylem
distributes water
dissolves minerals
goes up plant
phloem
carries food down into leaves and roots
(sugars)
epidermis
primary growth
periderm
secondary growth
ground tissues
photosynthesis
storage
structure
filler btwn tissues w specific functions
monocot
1 cotyledon
parallel veination
scattered vascular tissue
fibrous roots
parts develop in multiples of 3
dicot
2 cotyledons
branched veination
ringed vascular tissue
taproot
parts develop in multiples of 4-5
photosynthesis equation
6 co2 + 6 h2o + light = c6h1206 +6o2
respiration equation
c6h12o6 + 6o2 = 6co2 + 6h2o + energy
long day plants
flowers initiated when increases to some maximum (i.e hibiscus >12 hrs)
short day plants
flowers initiated when decreases to some minimum (i.e. pointsettia <12.5hrs)
ABA (Abscisic Acid) Application
growth inhibition: ABA decreases as dormancy is broken
stomatal regulation: reduce water loss
Ethylene Application
fruit ripening
leaf and flower senescence
de greening citrus fruits
sex expression
leaf/fruit abscission
Citokinens Application
cell division
tissue differentiation
delay of senescence
promotion of lateral bud development
Gibberellins Application
stem elongation
seed germination
promoting male flowers
increasing fruit size (seedless grapes)
delaying fruit maturity
inducing bolting
Auxins Application
apical dominance
phototropisms
production of ethylene
root initiation
preventing pre harvest fruit
fruit thinning
weed control
tissue culture
soil properties
texture
drainage capacity
ph
nutrients
organic matter
pore space
bulk density
EC
contaminants
primary macronutrients
N
P
K
secondary macronutrients
Ca
Mg
S
micronutrients
Al
B
Cl
Co
Cu
Fe
Mo
Mn
N
Zn
corrective measures for plant issues
fertilizing
liming
adding organic material
neutralizing water
correction drainage
mulching benefits
maintains soil moisture
soil organisms
compaction prevention
erosion prevention
aeration in clay soils
water capacity in sandy soil
suppress weeds
3 main concepts of ‘right plant right place’
soil/environment
intended function on landscape
plant characteristics
reasons for pruning
health/vigour
control growth
flower fruit
dead diseased damaged (ddd)
aesthetic
factors that affect pruning
plant form
function
age
location
timing
severe pruning
alternatives
examples of plant form
columnar
conical/upright
irregular/open/spreading
oval
pyramidal
round
vase
weeping
examples of growth habits
arching
ascending
climbing
decumbent
decurrent
erect
excurrent
fastigiate
procumbent
rhizomatous
scandent
stoloniferous
weeping
functional pruning
structural (thinning/heading)
branches touching buildings
hedges
pollarding/coppicing
plants on walkways (blocking)
enhancing views
location pruning
reduces elongation of internodes
increases leaf thickness
reduces leaf size
promotes production of chlorophyll
promotes development of reproductive tissue
timed pruning
dormancy
flower period
growth response
wind/frost damage
scorch
GO TO PRUNING FLASH CARDS
GO TO PRUNING FLASH CARDS
group 1 plants
plants that do not regularly produce replacement growth from the base
group 2 plants
plants that produce flowers from previous years growth
group 3 plants
plants that produce flowering spurs on old wood
group 4 plants
plants that produce flowers on current season growth
group 5 plants
deciduous shrubs grown for decorative stem/foliage
group 6 plants
evergreen shrubs grown primarly for foliage effect
perfect/complete flower
4 whorls present
imperfect-incomplete flower
staminate (abesent pistil) or pistillate (absent stamen) flower
perfect-incomplete flower
petals absent
bulb
underground storage organ consisting of a shortened, vertical stem with modified leaves
corm
thickened, vertical, underground stem, swollen stems w/ few or no leaves
rhizome
horizontal, elongated, underground stem that stores food (thick and fleshy)
tuber
thickened, underground stem that has buds/eyes
asteraceae characteristics
herbaceous/rarely woody
opposite/alternate arrangements
condensed flattened flower head
(rudbeckia, echinacea, helianthus)
caryophyllaceae characteristics
annual/perennial
opposite untoothed leaves
redially symmetrical flowers
(dianthus, cerastium)
ericaceae characteristics
shrubs/trees/herbs
corolla tube flowers
spirally arranged leaves
(erica, rhodo, vaccinium)
lamiaceae characteristics
herbs/shrubs
square stems
two lipped flowers
(lavandula, salvia, rosmarinus)
liliaceae characteristics
herbaceous monocots
bulbs/rhizomes
(lily, frittilaria, erythronium)
ranunculaceae characteristics
herbaceous/woody
seperate sepals/petals
toothed leaves
(ranunculus, anemone, aquilegia, delphinium, clematis)
sepals
outermost whorl of flower parts located at base (encases bud)
calyx
collective term for sepals
petals
whorl of flower parts interior to calyx (colourful)
corolla
collective term for petals
tepals
petals and sepals that look the same
bract
leaf like organ that subtends the inflorescence
polypetalous
petals not fused
gamopetalous
fused petals
stamen
male pollen bearing organ (the whole)
filament
stem of the stamen
anther
the pollen sac at the end of the filament (anther=antler)
pistil
female organ of the flower (seedbearing)
stigma
pollen receptive surface
style
the elongated portion of the pistil (btwn stigma and ovaru)
ovary
contains ovules to be fertilized, becoming seeds
dioecious
male and female parts on seperate plants
(i.e. ginkgo, poplar, kiwi)
monoecious
male and female parts on same plant (corn, pine, birch)
6 steps of IPM
prevention
identification
monitering
thresholds
treatments
evaluation
loam
sticky gritty
clay loam
easily rolls into a ball, gritty
sandy clay
easily rolls into ball, shiny when rubbed, gritty
clay
easily rolls into ball, shiny when rubbed, not gritty
sand
doesnt roll into ball, gritty
loamy sand
rolls into a ball but falls apart
silty loam
slippy/sticky
