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Biology > Section C: B3 > Flashcards

Section C: B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Respiration occurs which provides energy for life processes

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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

Components of the cell

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3
Q

What do ribosomes produce?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

oxygen + glucose -> CO2 + H2O +ATP

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5
Q

Why do all cells need ribosomes?

A

Need proteins for growth and repair

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6
Q

What cells need mitochondria than others?

A

Liver and Muscle cells as muscle needs energy for contraction and liver needs energy for chemical reactions

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7
Q

How are the nucleus, chromosomes and genes related?

A

Chromosomes are inside the nucleus, inside the chromosomes are the genes which are made up of DNA

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8
Q

What does DNA hold?

A

Code for making proteins

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9
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Long molecules of amino acids

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10
Q

What is an amino acid made up of?

A

Triplet code

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11
Q

What is the link between genes and proteins?

A

Each gene codes for one protein

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12
Q

What do information in genes form?

A

Coded instructions called the genetic code

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13
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Two strands coiled to form a double helix, each strand contains bases with crosslinks between the strands formed by pairs of bases

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14
Q

Why is a copy of the gene needed?

A

Because the gene itself can not leave the nucleus and ribosomes can not enter the nucleus

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15
Q

How is the code needed to produce protein copied?

A

Carried from the DNA to ribosomes by a molecule called mRNA

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16
Q

How does DNA control cell function?

A

Tells the cell what proteins to produce, some will be enzymes which means that the cell will be in a certain pH and used for different chemical reactions

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17
Q

What are 2 complementary base pairs?

A

C and G ( Chatham Grammar) T and A (Thomas Avelin)

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18
Q

Why do bases need to be in complementary pairs?

A

As they have complementary shapes so they fit together to link together across two strands

19
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

20
Q

Who first discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick, took x-rays showing that there were two chains around in a helix, data indicating that the bases occurred in pairs

21
Q

Why are new discoveries not accepted or rewarded immediately?

A

Other scientists must test or repair the work to confirm findings are correct

22
Q

What are some examples of proteins?

A

Hormones, Enzymes and Haemoglobin

23
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins, molecules that speed up chemical reactions and work best at their optimum pH

24
Q

What are the functions of some proteins?

A

Collage, structural
Insulin, hormonal
Haemoglobin, carrier molecules

25
Q

How do proteins have different functions?

A

As they have their own number and sequence of amino acids which result in different shape molecules

26
Q

Describe an enzyme

A

Biological catalysts, catalysing chemical reactions occurring in living cells and have a high specificity for their substrate

27
Q

Why does enzyme activity change when pH or temperature is altered?

A

Lower collision rate at a low temperature, Denaturing at high temp and pH

28
Q

How does denaturing reduce enzyme activity?

A

As the active site shape changes the substrate molecules will not fit and so less successful collisions

29
Q

How do you calculate Q10?

A

Rate at a higher temperature / Rate at lower temperature of 10 degree intervals

30
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

Changes to genes due to changes in the bases of the DNA

31
Q

What does gene mutation lead to?

A

Production of different proteins

32
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Spontaneously, Radiation and Chemicals

33
Q

What is the effect of mutations?

A

Cause harmful side effects, no effect or could be beneficial

34
Q

What are the two options for genes in a cell?

A

Some are turned on or off if they are not necessary for the cell function

35
Q

What prevents the production of the protein?

A

Gene alteration

36
Q

What happens when organisms with mutations reproduce?

A

The mutated gene is passed down the offspring

37
Q

Give examples of life processes that require energy from respiration

A

Muscle contractions, Protein synthesis and control body temperature in mammals

38
Q

Why does breathing rate increases during exercise?

A

As more oxygen is needed for the working muscles which is provided in the blood

39
Q

Why does pulse rate increase during exercise?

A

Heart needs to beat more to circulate enough blood to working muscles

40
Q

What us definition of breathing?

A

Taking air into the body and removing it from the body

41
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The rate of energy release in cell

42
Q

What is respiration?

A

Using glucose and oxygen to provide energy to cells

43
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation of aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

44
Q

What form is energy in?

A

A chemical called ATP

Biology (4 decks)

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