Section A : B1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is fitness?
A
Strength, stamina, flexibility, speed, agility, balance cardiovascular endurance
2
Q
What is being healthy?
A
Absence of disease
3
Q
What is blood pressure?
A
The force of liquid blood being pushed against your artery wall
4
Q
How I blood pressure measured?
A
Using a sphygmomanometer
5
Q
What is systolic pressure?
A
Blood pressure when the heart contracts
6
Q
What is diastolic pressure?
A
Blood pressure when the heart relaxes
7
Q
How does being overweight affect blood pressure?
A
Increase blood pressure due to increase cholesterol, which creates plaque, blocking and narrowing arteries, which requires high pressure for blood to pass through
8
Q
How does being stressed increase blood pressure?
A
As heart rate increases the blood pressure increases to cope with the heart rate
9
Q
How does alcohol affect blood pressure?
A
Increases blood pressure and increases risk of heart disease
10
Q
How does smoking affect blood pressure?
A
Reduces oxygen carrying capability of the haemoglobin which means blood pressure increases to supply sufficient oxygen to body
Nicotine is a stimulant so increases heart rate as well
11
Q
How does regular exercise affect blood pressure?
A
Decreases blood pressure as oxygen carrying capacity increases
12
Q
How does a balanced diet affect blood pressure?
A
Decreases blood pressure, less cholesterol and fat reduces plaque and enables wider arteries, also drinking fluids enables blood viscosity to increase to allow blood to flow more easily. Less salt also allows blood pressure to decrease.
13
Q
How do narrow arteries lead to heart attacks?
A
Narrower arteries reduces amount of blood that can flow through and therefore need a higher pressure to compensate for the lower volume of blood, when the narrow arteries become blocked the heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen and so do not contract causing a heart attack
14
Q
What are the issues of high blood pressure?
A
Strokes, heart attacks, heart disease, death, kidney damage
15
Q
What are the issues with low blood pressure?
A
Feinting, dizziness, poor blood circulation
16
Q
What is hypertension?
A
High blood pressure
17
Q
What are the seven components of a healthy diet?
A
Water, mineral, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and fibres
18
Q
Why do women need high protein diets?
A
For milk when breastfeeding
19
Q
What is kwashiorkor an example of?
A
A protein deficiency disease
20
Q
What are the symptoms for kwashiorkor?
A
Swollen stomach as water isn’t absorbed by proteins, stunted growth, brittle bones
21
Q
Why are protein deficiency diseases common in developing countries?
A
As do not have agriculture to support populations, populations to large, not correct environment for farming, limited investment into agriculture
22
Q
Why do we need nutrients in a balanced diet?
A
Minerals such as calcium allow for growth and repair of bones, iron allow production of haemoglobin.
Vitamins, such as vitamin D allows for growth and repair.
Water prevents dehydration
23
Q
What is a second class protein?
A
Comes from a plant and does not contain all essential amino acids
24
Q
How are proteins stored in the body?
A
Proteins are not stored in the body but are broken down into amino acids then pass in urine
25
How are fats stored in the body?
Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol and stored as adipose tissue under skin
26
How are carbohydrates stored in the body?
Broken down into simple sugars such as glucose and stored as glycogen in the liver
27
How do you calculate BMI?
Mass(kg)
-----------
Height (m)2
28
How do you calculate EAR?
0.6 x body mass (kg)
29
Why do teenagers need hig protein diets?
For growth
30
What is a first class protein?
Protein from an animal and contains all essential amino acids
31
What is diabetes?
Inability to produce insulin and control blood sugar levels
32
What is arthiritis?
When cartilage wears away and causes bones to rub against each other causing joint pain and inflamation
33
What are the health problems associated with being overweight?
Higher risk of heart attack, kidney damage, breaks cancer and joint pain
34
What are the BMI brackets?
```
<18.5 underweight
18.5-24.9 normal
25-29.9 overweight
39- 39.9 obese
>40 severely obese
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35
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor in a child?
Hypertension, brittle bones, lack of growth
36
What causes infectious diseases?
Pathogens
37
What is a parasite?
An organism which causes harm to a living host by feeding from it
Plasmodium in malaria
38
What is a host?
Provides the parasite with nutrition
| Anapholes female mosquito in malaria
39
What is a vector?
An organisms that carries the pathogen from one organism to another
Mosquito in malaria
40
What does malaria do?
Reduces haemoglobin carrying capacity as plasmodium travels in blood to liver and destroys the blood cells
41
How can the lifecycle of mosquitos helps to control infections?
Short life cycle, lay larvae, which can be stopped by reducing water supply
42
What drug is given to people infected with malaria?
Lariam
43
How does the body protect against pathogens?
Skin, cilia, mucus, blood clotting, hydrochloride acid in the stomach
44
How can risk of cancers be reduced?
Stop smoking, stop drinking alcohol, regular exercise, sun cream
45
What is cancer?
Uncontrollable division of cells which create a tumour
46
What is a benign tumour?
Grows slowly and is usually harmless such as a wart
47
What is a malignant tumour?
A rapidly growing tumour that is harmful and may spread throughout the body
48
What is remission?
When a tumour is shrinking
49
What is an immunisation?
Gives protection from a certain pathogen
50
What is the role of white blood cells in immunity?
Engulf pathogens and destroy them to produce antibodies to destroy pathogen in future and produce antitoxins
51
What is passive immunity?
Body does not produce the antibody so body receives them to fight the pathogen
52
How do antibodies cause pathogens to die?
Antibodies lock onto antigens
53
What is an antibiotic?
Drug taken to kill the pathogens
54
What is an antibody?
Chemical produced by white blood cells to kill the pathogens in the body
55
What is an antigen?
A chemical marker that identifies a pathogen to the body
56
How do pathogens make us ill?
Either invade cells and damage cells or release antitoxins
57
What does a lymphocyte do?
Detects the pathogen and releases anti-bodies
58
What does a phagocyte do?
Find the anti-bodies attaches itself to the pathogen, engulfs the pathogen and digests it (intercellular) and release the pathogen as waste
59
What do anti toxins do?
Release a detoxifying substance which neutralises the toxin
60
What are memory cells?
Remain in the body as lymphocyte and means the body is immune if the pathogen returns as it can kill the pathogen straight away
61
Give an example of passive immunity?
Breast-feeding, breast milk will contain antibodies to fight pathogens
62
Why do people not want their child to be vaccinated?
Do not believe that they their child will get infected, religious beliefs
63
What is an antiviral?
Drugs that prevent a virus reproducing
64
What is drug testing process?
Chemical testing, animal testing, clinical trials
65
What is a blind trial?
Patient does not know if they have received the placebo or active drug
66
What is a double blind trial?
Neither the doctor or the patient knows who has received the placebo or the active drug
67
What do vaccines contain?
Dead or weakened version of pathogen
68
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
69
How do we slow down the development of new strains of bacteria
Refrain from using antibiotics and always complete the full course of treatment
70
What is the function of the cornea?
Refract light
71
What is the function of the iris?
Control how much light can enter the pupil
72
What is he function of the lens?
Focuses light onto the retina
73
What is the function of the retina?
Contains light receptors, some are sensitive to light of different colours
74
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Carries impulses to the brain
75
What is binocular vision?
Using two images to compare, the more similar the two images the further away the object
76
What is monocular vision?
Eyes on the side of the head which gives greater field of view but have poor depth deception
77
What causes red-green colour blindness?
Lack of specialised cells in the retina
78
What is short-sightedness?
Light focuses before reaching the retina
79
What is long-sightedness?
Light focuses after the retina
80
How can long/short sightedness be solved?
Corneal surgery or glasses
81
What do motor neurones do?
Carry signals from the central nervous system to the effectors
82
What do sensory neurones do?
Carry signals from the receptors to the spinal cord and brain
83
What do relay neurones do?
Carry messages from part of the central nervous system to another part
84
What is a neurone?
Nerve cells which carry information as tiny electrical signals
85
What is the central nervous system?
The spinal cord and the brain
86
What makes up the nervous system?
Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
87
What is a reflex?
Fast, automatic response and protective responses
88
What are voluntary responses?
Actions under the control of the brain
89
How do nerve impulses move?
Along the axon of he neurone
90
What is synapse?
A gap between two neurone
91
What is reflex arc?
Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector muscle
92
What is an effector?
A muscle that produces a response
93
Give an example of an effector?
Muscle contraction, gland releasing hormone
94
What lens type is needed for short-sightedness?
Concave
95
What lens type is needed for long-sightedness?
Convex
96
What happens across a synapse?
Neurotransmitter crosses synapse and the binds to receptor molecule, signal crosses from the relay to the sensory neurone
97
Why do neurones have a long axon?
To send message quicker
98
Why do neurones have dendrites?
Allows neurones to communicate and joint together
99
Why do neurones have a myelin sheath?
Insulates the axon to stop message escaping as its electrical
100
Why does the relay neurone pass message to the brain?
To keep the memory
101
Why are synapses important?
Ensure the impulse only travels in one direction
102
How do drugs affect the synapse?
Interfere with the speed of transmission or block the receptors
103
List the drug classes
Class A -> Class B -> Class C
104
What is a drug?
A chemical that alters the way the body works physically or psychologically including the nervous system
105
What is the effect of depressants and give an example?
Slows down the brains activity and binds with receptor molecules in membrane, alcohol and temazepam
106
What is the effect of hallucinogens and give an example?
Distorts what is seen and heard, LSD
107
What is the effect of painkillers and give an example?
Blocks nerve impulses, aspirin and paracetamol
108
What is the effect of performance enhancers and give an example?
Improves muscle developments, anabolic steroids
109
What is the effect of stimulants and give an example?
Causes more neurotransmitters to cross the synapse which increase brain activity, nicotine, ecstasy and caffeine
110
What does tobacco smoke cause?
Emphysema, bronchitis cancer and heart disease
111
What are the effects of carbon monoxide?
Lower oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells which increase the risk of heart disease
112
Why does carbon monoxide effect the foetus?
Reduction in oxygen levels available which leads to an increase risk of low birth weight babies
113
What is the effect of nicotine?
Is an addictive substance, which crate a dependency so smokers will suffer withdrawal symptoms if they try to give up
114
What is the effect of tar?
Carcinogen substance s that cause cancer, which increase risk of lung cancer and mouth cancer
115
How are ciliates epithelial cells effected smoke?
Epithelial cells have tiny hId like structures which can push mucus out but if damaged then can't remove mucus leading to a 'smokers cough'
116
What are the short term effects of alcohol on the body?
Impaired judgement, balance and muscle control, blurred vision, slurred speech and drowsiness
117
What are the long term effects of alcohol on the body?
Liver and brain damage
118
Why is there a legal limit for the level of alcohol in blood for drivers?
Alcohol impairs the ability of people to control their vehicles properly
119
How does the liver become damaged as it removes alcohol?
Liver cirrhosis, caused by enzymes breaking down alcohol which releases harmful toxins that damages the liver over time
120
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a constant internal environment
121
What must be controlled in the body?
Body temperature, blood sugar levels, carbon dioxide levels and water content
122
What are hormones?
Chemical substances that are secreted by glands in the body and travel through the blood steam to the targeted organs
123
Why does carbon dioxide need to be monitored in the body?
Carbon dioxide will form an acidic solution when dissolved in water, so it is needed to be controlled to prevent the blood being too acidic or alkaline
124
Why does body temperature need to be monitored?
Needs to be maintained at 37 degrees as tis is the optimum temperature for most enzymes within the body
125
How can body temperature be controlled?
Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering
126
Why does the water level need to be monitored?
Ensure blood viscosity allows for blood to flow easily round body and stop lysis or crenation
127
How does sweating reduce body temperature?
Allows heat to escape through evaporation from the skin
128
How can water level be controlled?
Lungs (exhale), sweating and urination
129
What is the extremes of high temperatures?
Dehydration, enzymes denature and reactions can not be done in the body, heat stroke and death
130
What are the extremes of low temperatures?
Hypothermia, enzyme activity slows, death
131
What is vasodilation?
Blood vessels near the skin's surface dilate and allow blood to flow closer to the skin's surface, this causes water to evaporate off the body, cooling it down
132
What is vasoconstriction?
Blood vessels constrict near the skin's surface and allow less blood flow to the surface, reducing evaporation of water, reducing heat loss
133
What are vasodilation and vasoconstriction both examples of?
Negative feedback mechanisms
134
How are reactions to hormones and nerve reaction different?
Reaction to hormone can be slow, reaction to nerve is instant but hormone is usually longer lasting
135
What does the thyroid gland control?
Rate of metabolism, controls amount of thyroxine in blood
136
What does the brain control?
Pituitary gland which is within the hypothalamus
137
What does the pancreas control?
Produces insulin which controls blood sugar level
138
What does the adrenal gland do?
Produces adrenaline which prepares the body for activity
139
What do the testes control?
Produces testosterone which controls rate of puberty and sperm cell production
140
What does the ovary control?
Produces oestrogen, controls changes at puberty and maintains the menstrual cycle
141
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An inability to control blood sugar levels due to the pancreas' inability to produce insulin, usually develops in childhood and can be controlled by changes to diet and regular exercise
142
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Often develops later in life and is caused by a poor diet, high in sugar and so the body can not produce enough insulin to control high blood sugar levels, can be stopped by diet change
143
What happens when the blood glucose level is too high?
Pancreas produces insulin -> this instruct the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage -> blood glucose levels decrease
144
What happens when the blood glucose level is too low?
Pancreas does not secrete insulin -> liver converts glycogen into glucose -> blood glucose level increases
145
How does Type 1 diabetes affect insulin?
Body can not produce enough insulin
146
How does Type 2 diabetes affect insulin?
Body can no longer respond to insulin
147
How does hair affect body temperature?
When cold the hair will become erect and form a 'blanket' layer around the skin acting as an insulator trapping warm air to increase body temperature
148
Why is glucose so important in the body?
If the brain does not receive enough energy then the person will go into a coma
149
What does your pancreas do?
Produces insulin to regulate blood glucose levels
150
What is a tropism?
A growth in response to a stimulus
151
What way to plants grow?
Towards the light ( shoots ) towards sources of water ( roots )
152
Where are auxins produced?
In the stem tips and roots
153
How are plant hormones used?
In weed killers,root powder, fruit ripening
154
What is positive tropism?
When the plant grows towards the stimulus
155
What is negative tropism?
When the plant grows away from the stimulus
156
What is the stimulus response in the shoots?
Positive phototropism ( grows towards light ) Negative geotropism ( grows away from gravity )
157
What is the stimulus response in the roots?
Positive geotropism ( grows towards gravity ) Negative phototropism ( grows away from light )
158
Why do shoots grow into the air?
As it is where there is light, available for photosynthesis
159
Why do roots grow into the soil?
As it is where there is water and moisture to allow nutrients to enter the plant
160
How do auxins move through the plant?
Because they are water-soluble molecules
161
How do weed killers work?
Contains a growth hormone, so the weed over grows and can not support itself of get sufficient nutrition and so dies
162
How does rooting power work?
Contains a growth hormone which encourages growth from the root and make stem cutting develop more quickly
163
How do plant hormones control fruit-ripening?
Can be used to prevent over-ripening of fruit during transport or whilst on display
164
How does dormancy work?
Stops seeds germinating until the optimum conditions are available or can be removed to encourage seed germination all year round
165
How do shoots respond to high concentrations of auxins?
Cells in shoot grow more
166
How do roots respond to low concentrations of auxins?
Root cells grow less
167
Why do plants bend towards light?
Shaded side has higher concentration of auxins and so the shaded side grows quicker and elongates causing the unshaded side to bend towards light
168
How do roots bend?
When laid horizontally then the side with higher concentration of auxins laid towards surface, when this side elongates causes the root to bend down into the earth due to the force of gravity
169
What hormones is used to ripen bananas?
Ethylene
170
What sex chromosomes do males carry?
XX
171
What sex chromosomes do female carry?
XY
172
What are inherited disorders caused by?
Faulty genes on chromosomes
173
What is an allele?
A different version of a gene
174
What are the two types of allele?
Recessive and dominant
175
What are inherited characteristic examples?
Eye colour, Hair colour, Nose shape, Lobes
176
What are both environmental and inherited characteristics examples?
Physique, Intelligence, Height
177
Where are chromosomes held?
In the nucleus
178
What do chromosomes contain?
Genetic information in the form of genes which control inherited characteristics
179
How many chromosomes do gametes contain?
23 chromosomes
180
How many chromosomes do body cells contain?
46 chromosomes
181
Give 2 examples of inherited disorders?
Sickle cell anaemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Haemophilia, Red-Green colour blindness
182
What alleles cause inherited disorders?
Faulty alleles are mostly recessive
183
What are recessive alleles?
Only are presented if no dominant allele is present
184
What are dominant alleles?
Those that are expressed if present
185
What are homozygous alleles?
2 Identical alleles
186
What are heterozygous alleles?
2 Different alleles
187
What is a genotype?
Genetic makeup consisting of particular combination of alleles
188
What is a phenotype?
The characteristics expressed
189
What is DNA?
Carries the genetic code for producing proteins, has a double-helix structure and other than identical twins no ones DNA is the same
190
What is a gene?
A short section of DNA consisting of amino acids that code for a specific protein
191
What is the relationship between, genes, chromosome and the nucleus?
Gene is a section of the chromosome, the chromosomes are held in the nucleus of the cell
192
What are the issues raised by knowledge of inherited disorders in a family?
Decision on whether to have child or abort child if they know that they are sick, this is found out by using an amniocentesis
193
How do genetic diagrams work?
Two way table, with the 4 possible outcomes
194
What is the probability of having a girl or boy and why?
50% because the Y is the dominant allele
195
What is fertilisation?
The combining of gametes
196
Why do chromosomes comes in pairs?
One allele from each parent
