Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Section A : B1 > Flashcards

Section A : B1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is fitness?

A

Strength, stamina, flexibility, speed, agility, balance cardiovascular endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is being healthy?

A

Absence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force of liquid blood being pushed against your artery wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How I blood pressure measured?

A

Using a sphygmomanometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Blood pressure when the heart contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Blood pressure when the heart relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does being overweight affect blood pressure?

A

Increase blood pressure due to increase cholesterol, which creates plaque, blocking and narrowing arteries, which requires high pressure for blood to pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does being stressed increase blood pressure?

A

As heart rate increases the blood pressure increases to cope with the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does alcohol affect blood pressure?

A

Increases blood pressure and increases risk of heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does smoking affect blood pressure?

A

Reduces oxygen carrying capability of the haemoglobin which means blood pressure increases to supply sufficient oxygen to body
Nicotine is a stimulant so increases heart rate as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does regular exercise affect blood pressure?

A

Decreases blood pressure as oxygen carrying capacity increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does a balanced diet affect blood pressure?

A

Decreases blood pressure, less cholesterol and fat reduces plaque and enables wider arteries, also drinking fluids enables blood viscosity to increase to allow blood to flow more easily. Less salt also allows blood pressure to decrease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do narrow arteries lead to heart attacks?

A

Narrower arteries reduces amount of blood that can flow through and therefore need a higher pressure to compensate for the lower volume of blood, when the narrow arteries become blocked the heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen and so do not contract causing a heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the issues of high blood pressure?

A

Strokes, heart attacks, heart disease, death, kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the issues with low blood pressure?

A

Feinting, dizziness, poor blood circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the seven components of a healthy diet?

A

Water, mineral, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do women need high protein diets?

A

For milk when breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is kwashiorkor an example of?

A

A protein deficiency disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms for kwashiorkor?

A

Swollen stomach as water isn’t absorbed by proteins, stunted growth, brittle bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are protein deficiency diseases common in developing countries?

A

As do not have agriculture to support populations, populations to large, not correct environment for farming, limited investment into agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why do we need nutrients in a balanced diet?

A

Minerals such as calcium allow for growth and repair of bones, iron allow production of haemoglobin.
Vitamins, such as vitamin D allows for growth and repair.
Water prevents dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a second class protein?

A

Comes from a plant and does not contain all essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are proteins stored in the body?

A

Proteins are not stored in the body but are broken down into amino acids then pass in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How are fats stored in the body?

A

Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol and stored as adipose tissue under skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

Broken down into simple sugars such as glucose and stored as glycogen in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Height (m)2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do you calculate EAR?

A

0.6 x body mass (kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do teenagers need hig protein diets?

A

For growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a first class protein?

A

Protein from an animal and contains all essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Inability to produce insulin and control blood sugar levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is arthiritis?

A

When cartilage wears away and causes bones to rub against each other causing joint pain and inflamation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the health problems associated with being overweight?

A

Higher risk of heart attack, kidney damage, breaks cancer and joint pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the BMI brackets?

A 
<18.5 underweight
18.5-24.9 normal
25-29.9 overweight 
39- 39.9 obese
>40 severely obese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor in a child?

A

Hypertension, brittle bones, lack of growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What causes infectious diseases?

A

Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism which causes harm to a living host by feeding from it
Plasmodium in malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a host?

A

Provides the parasite with nutrition

Anapholes female mosquito in malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organisms that carries the pathogen from one organism to another
Mosquito in malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does malaria do?

A

Reduces haemoglobin carrying capacity as plasmodium travels in blood to liver and destroys the blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How can the lifecycle of mosquitos helps to control infections?

A

Short life cycle, lay larvae, which can be stopped by reducing water supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What drug is given to people infected with malaria?

A

Lariam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does the body protect against pathogens?

A

Skin, cilia, mucus, blood clotting, hydrochloride acid in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How can risk of cancers be reduced?

A

Stop smoking, stop drinking alcohol, regular exercise, sun cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable division of cells which create a tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Grows slowly and is usually harmless such as a wart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A rapidly growing tumour that is harmful and may spread throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is remission?

A

When a tumour is shrinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is an immunisation?

A

Gives protection from a certain pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the role of white blood cells in immunity?

A

Engulf pathogens and destroy them to produce antibodies to destroy pathogen in future and produce antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Body does not produce the antibody so body receives them to fight the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do antibodies cause pathogens to die?

A

Antibodies lock onto antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Drug taken to kill the pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Chemical produced by white blood cells to kill the pathogens in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A chemical marker that identifies a pathogen to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do pathogens make us ill?

A

Either invade cells and damage cells or release antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does a lymphocyte do?

A

Detects the pathogen and releases anti-bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does a phagocyte do?

A

Find the anti-bodies attaches itself to the pathogen, engulfs the pathogen and digests it (intercellular) and release the pathogen as waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What do anti toxins do?

A

Release a detoxifying substance which neutralises the toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Remain in the body as lymphocyte and means the body is immune if the pathogen returns as it can kill the pathogen straight away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Give an example of passive immunity?

A

Breast-feeding, breast milk will contain antibodies to fight pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Why do people not want their child to be vaccinated?

A

Do not believe that they their child will get infected, religious beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is an antiviral?

A

Drugs that prevent a virus reproducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is drug testing process?

A

Chemical testing, animal testing, clinical trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

Patient does not know if they have received the placebo or active drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Neither the doctor or the patient knows who has received the placebo or the active drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

Dead or weakened version of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How do we slow down the development of new strains of bacteria

A

Refrain from using antibiotics and always complete the full course of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Refract light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Control how much light can enter the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is he function of the lens?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Contains light receptors, some are sensitive to light of different colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Using two images to compare, the more similar the two images the further away the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is monocular vision?

A

Eyes on the side of the head which gives greater field of view but have poor depth deception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What causes red-green colour blindness?

A

Lack of specialised cells in the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is short-sightedness?

A

Light focuses before reaching the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is long-sightedness?

A

Light focuses after the retina

80
Q

How can long/short sightedness be solved?

A

Corneal surgery or glasses

81
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

Carry signals from the central nervous system to the effectors

82
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Carry signals from the receptors to the spinal cord and brain

83
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Carry messages from part of the central nervous system to another part

84
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Nerve cells which carry information as tiny electrical signals

85
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The spinal cord and the brain

86
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

87
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Fast, automatic response and protective responses

88
Q

What are voluntary responses?

A

Actions under the control of the brain

89
Q

How do nerve impulses move?

A

Along the axon of he neurone

90
Q

What is synapse?

A

A gap between two neurone

91
Q

What is reflex arc?

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector muscle

92
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle that produces a response

93
Q

Give an example of an effector?

A

Muscle contraction, gland releasing hormone

94
Q

What lens type is needed for short-sightedness?

A

Concave

95
Q

What lens type is needed for long-sightedness?

A

Convex

96
Q

What happens across a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitter crosses synapse and the binds to receptor molecule, signal crosses from the relay to the sensory neurone

97
Q

Why do neurones have a long axon?

A

To send message quicker

98
Q

Why do neurones have dendrites?

A

Allows neurones to communicate and joint together

99
Q

Why do neurones have a myelin sheath?

A

Insulates the axon to stop message escaping as its electrical

100
Q

Why does the relay neurone pass message to the brain?

A

To keep the memory

101
Q

Why are synapses important?

A

Ensure the impulse only travels in one direction

102
Q

How do drugs affect the synapse?

A

Interfere with the speed of transmission or block the receptors

103
Q

List the drug classes

A

Class A -> Class B -> Class C

104
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical that alters the way the body works physically or psychologically including the nervous system

105
Q

What is the effect of depressants and give an example?

A

Slows down the brains activity and binds with receptor molecules in membrane, alcohol and temazepam

106
Q

What is the effect of hallucinogens and give an example?

A

Distorts what is seen and heard, LSD

107
Q

What is the effect of painkillers and give an example?

A

Blocks nerve impulses, aspirin and paracetamol

108
Q

What is the effect of performance enhancers and give an example?

A

Improves muscle developments, anabolic steroids

109
Q

What is the effect of stimulants and give an example?

A

Causes more neurotransmitters to cross the synapse which increase brain activity, nicotine, ecstasy and caffeine

110
Q

What does tobacco smoke cause?

A

Emphysema, bronchitis cancer and heart disease

111
Q

What are the effects of carbon monoxide?

A

Lower oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells which increase the risk of heart disease

112
Q

Why does carbon monoxide effect the foetus?

A

Reduction in oxygen levels available which leads to an increase risk of low birth weight babies

113
Q

What is the effect of nicotine?

A

Is an addictive substance, which crate a dependency so smokers will suffer withdrawal symptoms if they try to give up

114
Q

What is the effect of tar?

A

Carcinogen substance s that cause cancer, which increase risk of lung cancer and mouth cancer

115
Q

How are ciliates epithelial cells effected smoke?

A

Epithelial cells have tiny hId like structures which can push mucus out but if damaged then can’t remove mucus leading to a ‘smokers cough’

116
Q

What are the short term effects of alcohol on the body?

A

Impaired judgement, balance and muscle control, blurred vision, slurred speech and drowsiness

117
Q

What are the long term effects of alcohol on the body?

A

Liver and brain damage

118
Q

Why is there a legal limit for the level of alcohol in blood for drivers?

A

Alcohol impairs the ability of people to control their vehicles properly

119
Q

How does the liver become damaged as it removes alcohol?

A

Liver cirrhosis, caused by enzymes breaking down alcohol which releases harmful toxins that damages the liver over time

120
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

121
Q

What must be controlled in the body?

A

Body temperature, blood sugar levels, carbon dioxide levels and water content

122
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances that are secreted by glands in the body and travel through the blood steam to the targeted organs

123
Q

Why does carbon dioxide need to be monitored in the body?

A

Carbon dioxide will form an acidic solution when dissolved in water, so it is needed to be controlled to prevent the blood being too acidic or alkaline

124
Q

Why does body temperature need to be monitored?

A

Needs to be maintained at 37 degrees as tis is the optimum temperature for most enzymes within the body

125
Q

How can body temperature be controlled?

A

Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering

126
Q

Why does the water level need to be monitored?

A

Ensure blood viscosity allows for blood to flow easily round body and stop lysis or crenation

127
Q

How does sweating reduce body temperature?

A

Allows heat to escape through evaporation from the skin

128
Q

How can water level be controlled?

A

Lungs (exhale), sweating and urination

129
Q

What is the extremes of high temperatures?

A

Dehydration, enzymes denature and reactions can not be done in the body, heat stroke and death

130
Q

What are the extremes of low temperatures?

A

Hypothermia, enzyme activity slows, death

131
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels near the skin’s surface dilate and allow blood to flow closer to the skin’s surface, this causes water to evaporate off the body, cooling it down

132
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels constrict near the skin’s surface and allow less blood flow to the surface, reducing evaporation of water, reducing heat loss

133
Q

What are vasodilation and vasoconstriction both examples of?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

134
Q

How are reactions to hormones and nerve reaction different?

A

Reaction to hormone can be slow, reaction to nerve is instant but hormone is usually longer lasting

135
Q

What does the thyroid gland control?

A

Rate of metabolism, controls amount of thyroxine in blood

136
Q

What does the brain control?

A

Pituitary gland which is within the hypothalamus

137
Q

What does the pancreas control?

A

Produces insulin which controls blood sugar level

138
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Produces adrenaline which prepares the body for activity

139
Q

What do the testes control?

A

Produces testosterone which controls rate of puberty and sperm cell production

140
Q

What does the ovary control?

A

Produces oestrogen, controls changes at puberty and maintains the menstrual cycle

141
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

An inability to control blood sugar levels due to the pancreas’ inability to produce insulin, usually develops in childhood and can be controlled by changes to diet and regular exercise

142
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

Often develops later in life and is caused by a poor diet, high in sugar and so the body can not produce enough insulin to control high blood sugar levels, can be stopped by diet change

143
Q

What happens when the blood glucose level is too high?

A

Pancreas produces insulin -> this instruct the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage -> blood glucose levels decrease

144
Q

What happens when the blood glucose level is too low?

A

Pancreas does not secrete insulin -> liver converts glycogen into glucose -> blood glucose level increases

145
Q

How does Type 1 diabetes affect insulin?

A

Body can not produce enough insulin

146
Q

How does Type 2 diabetes affect insulin?

A

Body can no longer respond to insulin

147
Q

How does hair affect body temperature?

A

When cold the hair will become erect and form a ‘blanket’ layer around the skin acting as an insulator trapping warm air to increase body temperature

148
Q

Why is glucose so important in the body?

A

If the brain does not receive enough energy then the person will go into a coma

149
Q

What does your pancreas do?

A

Produces insulin to regulate blood glucose levels

150
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A growth in response to a stimulus

151
Q

What way to plants grow?

A

Towards the light ( shoots ) towards sources of water ( roots )

152
Q

Where are auxins produced?

A

In the stem tips and roots

153
Q

How are plant hormones used?

A

In weed killers,root powder, fruit ripening

154
Q

What is positive tropism?

A

When the plant grows towards the stimulus

155
Q

What is negative tropism?

A

When the plant grows away from the stimulus

156
Q

What is the stimulus response in the shoots?

A

Positive phototropism ( grows towards light ) Negative geotropism ( grows away from gravity )

157
Q

What is the stimulus response in the roots?

A

Positive geotropism ( grows towards gravity ) Negative phototropism ( grows away from light )

158
Q

Why do shoots grow into the air?

A

As it is where there is light, available for photosynthesis

159
Q

Why do roots grow into the soil?

A

As it is where there is water and moisture to allow nutrients to enter the plant

160
Q

How do auxins move through the plant?

A

Because they are water-soluble molecules

161
Q

How do weed killers work?

A

Contains a growth hormone, so the weed over grows and can not support itself of get sufficient nutrition and so dies

162
Q

How does rooting power work?

A

Contains a growth hormone which encourages growth from the root and make stem cutting develop more quickly

163
Q

How do plant hormones control fruit-ripening?

A

Can be used to prevent over-ripening of fruit during transport or whilst on display

164
Q

How does dormancy work?

A

Stops seeds germinating until the optimum conditions are available or can be removed to encourage seed germination all year round

165
Q

How do shoots respond to high concentrations of auxins?

A

Cells in shoot grow more

166
Q

How do roots respond to low concentrations of auxins?

A

Root cells grow less

167
Q

Why do plants bend towards light?

A

Shaded side has higher concentration of auxins and so the shaded side grows quicker and elongates causing the unshaded side to bend towards light

168
Q

How do roots bend?

A

When laid horizontally then the side with higher concentration of auxins laid towards surface, when this side elongates causes the root to bend down into the earth due to the force of gravity

169
Q

What hormones is used to ripen bananas?

A

Ethylene

170
Q

What sex chromosomes do males carry?

A

XX

171
Q

What sex chromosomes do female carry?

A

XY

172
Q

What are inherited disorders caused by?

A

Faulty genes on chromosomes

173
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of a gene

174
Q

What are the two types of allele?

A

Recessive and dominant

175
Q

What are inherited characteristic examples?

A

Eye colour, Hair colour, Nose shape, Lobes

176
Q

What are both environmental and inherited characteristics examples?

A

Physique, Intelligence, Height

177
Q

Where are chromosomes held?

A

In the nucleus

178
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genetic information in the form of genes which control inherited characteristics

179
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes contain?

A

23 chromosomes

180
Q

How many chromosomes do body cells contain?

A

46 chromosomes

181
Q

Give 2 examples of inherited disorders?

A

Sickle cell anaemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Haemophilia, Red-Green colour blindness

182
Q

What alleles cause inherited disorders?

A

Faulty alleles are mostly recessive

183
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Only are presented if no dominant allele is present

184
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Those that are expressed if present

185
Q

What are homozygous alleles?

A

2 Identical alleles

186
Q

What are heterozygous alleles?

A

2 Different alleles

187
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic makeup consisting of particular combination of alleles

188
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The characteristics expressed

189
Q

What is DNA?

A

Carries the genetic code for producing proteins, has a double-helix structure and other than identical twins no ones DNA is the same

190
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA consisting of amino acids that code for a specific protein

191
Q

What is the relationship between, genes, chromosome and the nucleus?

A

Gene is a section of the chromosome, the chromosomes are held in the nucleus of the cell

192
Q

What are the issues raised by knowledge of inherited disorders in a family?

A

Decision on whether to have child or abort child if they know that they are sick, this is found out by using an amniocentesis

193
Q

How do genetic diagrams work?

A

Two way table, with the 4 possible outcomes

194
Q

What is the probability of having a girl or boy and why?

A

50% because the Y is the dominant allele

195
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The combining of gametes

196
Q

Why do chromosomes comes in pairs?

A

One allele from each parent

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions