Section B: B2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 kingdoms?
A
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes, Protocists
2
Q
What are the characteristics of an animal and give an example?
A
Cells do not have a cell wall, multicellular and feed on other organisms
3
Q
What are the characteristics of plants and give an example?
A
Cells have a cellulose cell wall and use light energy as a food source by photosynthesis, any green plant
4
Q
What are the characteristics of fungi and give an example?
A
Cells that have chitin walls and reproduce using spores rather than seeds. Mushrooms and moulds
5
Q
What are the characteristics of a prokaryote and give an example?
A
Have a cell wall but not made from cellulose and has no nucleus, bacteria and blue-green algae
6
Q
What are the characteristics of Protocists and give an example?
A
Exists as single cells or colonies of single cells, amoeba and paramecium
7
Q
What are the 7 ranks for species?
A
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
8
Q
What is the classification of a lion?
A
Animal, Vertebrate, Mammal, Carnivorous, Cat, Big Cat, Lion
9
Q
What is an arthropod?
A
Insects (6legs), Arachnids (8legs), Crustaceans(10-14 legs), Myriapods (20+legs)
10
Q
How do scientists find evolutionary relationships?
A
Using computer programmes to compare DNA sequence and find differences and similarities which allows an evolutionary tree to be created
11
Q
What is a species?
A
A group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring
12
Q
What do organisms of the same species have?
A
May have great variation and more features in common than they do with organisms of a different species
13
Q
What do closely related species have?
A
A ‘common ancestor’
14
Q
What is the binomial system?
A
Giving species certain Latin words so that species can be identified all over the world
15
Q
What are the problems with classifying organisms into species?
A
Some organisms only reproduce asexually and some can produce hybrids by interbreeding
16
Q
Where do similar species tend to live?
A
In similar types of habitats as they haven’t had to adapt to a different environment so they are very similar
17
Q
What is a food chain?
A
Food chains show the feeding relationships in a habitat
18
Q
What is a pyramid of biomass?
A
Charts that show the mass of living organisms at each trophic level
19
Q
What limits the length of a food chain?
A
Energy lost at each trophic level
20
Q
What is a trophic level?
A
Each stage of a food chain
21
Q
What makes something a producer?
A
If it gain energy from photosynthesis
22
Q
What are primary consumers?
A
Herbivores
23
Q
What is a herbivore?
A
Eats plant material
24
Q
What are secondary consumers?
A
Carnivores
25
What is a carnivore?
Eats animal material
26
What is a predator?
Either kill for food or they are a secondary or tertiary consumer
27
What is prey?
The animals that the predators feed on
28
What are scavengers?
Feed on dead animals such as vultures
29
What is a decomposer?
Feed on dead and decaying organisms and on undigested matter in faeces
30
What is a food web?
When food chains in a habitat are joined up
31
How is energy lost in transfer?
Movement, Heat loss, Excretion and Egestion
32
How do you calculate energy efficiency?
Output/Input x 100
33
What does biomass mean?
Dry mass
34
Why is it difficult to make a pyramid of biomass?
May be a problem to measure dry mass as the organisms must be dead and an organism may belong to more than one trophic level
35
How could energy increase between trophic level?
If energy I used for growth or reproduction the it would outweigh energy lost
36
Why is it difficult to fit omnivores into a pyramid of numbers?
Can be at more than one trophic level, at both primary and secondary consumers
37
What would happen if one organism was removed from a food chain?
The consumers would decrease in population until an alternate organism is found
38
What is present in all living organisms?
Carbon
39
Why do we need nitrogen?
Essential for the formation of amino acids to make proteins
40
Describe the carbon cycle
CO2 (respiration + combustion) -> CO2 absorbed (photosynthesis) -> when dead organisms are eaten and carbon back to CO2
41
Who does mutualism benefit?
Both species involved
42
Who does parasitism benefit?
The parasite, from causing harm to its living host
43
What do animals compete for?
Food, Water, Space
44
What do plants compete for?
Water, Light, Minerals
45
What is an ecological niche?
Organisms that complete the same role in the same ecological community
46
What is interspecific competition?
Happens between individuals of different species
47
What is intraspecific competition?
Happens between individuals of the same species
48
Why is intraspecific competition more significant?
Intraspecific is more likely to affect the population of a species and interspecific allows for populations to be maintained
49
What does the size of the prey population depend on?
The size of the predator population
50
What does interdependence mean?
The predator and prey need each other to survive
51
What is a cleaner species?
Removes parasite from the another species
52
What do the population of some predators and prey show?
Cyclical fluctuation
53
Why is nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants an example of mutualism?
Colonies of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules gain sugars from the plant whilst the plant gains nitrates from the bacteria
54
Why do organisms have adaptations?
To make them better at competing for limited resources
55
What adaptations do plants in cold climates have?
Grow close to the ground and have small leaves to help conserve water and reduce damage from wind, and also contain anti-freeze proteins
56
What adaptations do plants in cold climates have?
Grow close to the ground and have small leaves to help conserve water and reduce damage from wind, and also contain anti-freeze proteins
57
How are polar bears adapted to be good predators?
Thick layer of blubber, Small surface area to volume and a greasy coat to allow water to shed after swimming as well as large feet to distribute weight and allow for better grip on the ice
58
How are animals adapted to be good predators?
Binocular vision, Hunting strategy and breeding strategy
59
How are animal adapted to avoid being caught as prey?
Eyes on the side of their head, living in groups, cryptic warning colouration and synchronous breeding
60
What are the 2 types of adaptations?
Anatomical and Behavioural
61
How are some organisms adapted biochemically?
In extremophiles and anti-freeze proteins and allows enzymes optimum temperature to change to prevent denaturing or freezing at extreme temperatures
62
What is a specialist?
Organisms that are adapted to survive in specific environment
63
What is a generalist?
Organisms that can survive in a variety of habitat but can be out-competed easily
64
How is a camel adapted to living in the desert?
Large surface area to volume ratio to allow more heat loss, Thick fur to shade, large flat feet, ability to tolerate 42 degrees, two layers of eyelashes to keep sand out, slit like nostrils
65
How are cacti adapted to the desert?
Stems that can store water, no flowers or leaves to reduce transpiration, Widespread root system to allow for the most amount of water collection
66
Describe a counter-current heat exchange?
The counter-current exchange is when warm blood going down towards to the flippers, this warm blood is transferred to the cold blood returning from flippers to ensure warm blood remains in most important areas
67
What can samphire exist in?
Extremely high salt concentrations
68
What can fish use in cold climates?
Anti-freeze proteins in the blood
69
What is the basic evolution theory?
That all different species have developed over time from simple life forms over 3 billion years ago
70
What happens to species as the environment changes?
Some will gain adaptations trying to survive best in the environmental changes those that do not adapt will become extinct
71
What was Charles Darwin's Theory?
Natural selection, individuals in a species show wide variation, those with the best adaptations to the environment survive due to genetic variation, these better genes will be passed to offspring
72
Why is there opposition to Darwin's Theory?
Lack of evidence at the time, Conflicts religious beliefs, 50 years after Darwin his theories were backed by inheritance and variation discovery
73
What was Lamarck's Theory?
A characteristic that is used is passed to offspring, a characteristic that is not used is not passed onto offspring
74
Why is Lamarck's Theory wrong?
His theory can not account for all observations made about life on Earth and says that there would be no simple organisms that they would disappear whereas Darwin's Theory suggests that simple organisms will continue to live
75
How are adaptations controlled?
By genes and these genes will be passed on to the next generation
76
Why does speciation require geographical or reproductive isolation of species?
Need barriers between populations that prevent the exchange of genes
77
What is the increasing human population causing?
Reduction in Earth's finite resource and large amounts of waste and pollution
78
Why do humans populate so fast?
Can adapt and live in almost all environments
79
Why is the population growing exponentially?
Due to better medicine and longer life spans the birth rate is higher than the death rate
80
What resources are being used up by humans?
Fossil fuels and raw materials
81
Why do developed countries with smaller populations use up more resources?
As they enjoy a higher living standard of living and this creates a bigger impact on the use of resources than poorer people as they have more luxuries
82
What is pollution?
The addition of substances to the environment that may be harmful to living organisms
83
How do humans contribute to pollution?
Household waste, CFC's, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, sewage
84
How does household waste and sewage cause pollution?
Smoke alarms containing radioactive Americium, raw sewage kills aquatic organisms and harms human health
85
How does carbon dioxide cause pollution?
Released when fossil fuels are used and is a greenhouse gas
86
How does sulphur dioxide cause pollution?
When fuels are burnt, causes acid rain which damages building and kills plants and aquatic animals
87
How do CFC's cause pollution?
Used in coolant in fridges but destroy the ozone layer, increasing UV light levels able to reach the Earth's surface
88
How can an indicator species be measured?
If they are present or absent
89
How can air pollution be measured?
Bushy lichens need really clean air, leafy lichen can survive with small amount of pollution and crusty lichen can survive in more polluted air
90
Why is lichen an indicator species?
Need nutrients from rain water to grow on bark and air pollutants dissolve into water decreasing nutrients available for the lichen to grow
91
How can water pollution be measured?
Presence of mayfly larva (clean) Freshwater shrimp ( low) water louse (medium) rat-0tailed maggot or sludge worm ( high)
92
Other than indicator species how can be pollution be measured?
Using equipment that will find the direct measurement of pollutant levels
93
Advantages of non-living measurements of pollution?
No one needs to be there to take the measurements and also is more accurate, can be done in harsher conditions
94
What is the equation for acid rain?
CO2 + H20 -> carbonic acid + sulphur + water -> sulphurous acid
95
What are the factors that cause organisms to become extinct?
Climate change, Habitat destruction, Hunting, Pollution and Competition
96
How can an endangered species be conserved?
Protecting habitats, Legal protection, Conservation programmes, Captive breeding programmes, Seed banks, Artificial eco-systems
97
Why should we use conservation programmes?
Protect human food supply, Ensure minimal damage to food chains, Future identifications of plants for medical purposes and cultural aspects
98
Why do species become endangered?
Number of available habitats fall below critical level, population fall below critical level
99
Why are some species protected by International Law and Agreements?
As some animals live in international waters
100
Why do people hunt whales?
For whale oil and meat for eating, Is a diet for traditional communities and it still continues despite laws
101
How are fish becoming endangered?
Catching them faster than they can reproduce as it accounts for 15% of the world's protein intake
102
How are fish being protected?
Hunting seasons, Fishing quotas, Only certain size and species of fish are allowed to be caught
103
Why is forestry sustainable?
As long as the forest replaces themselves or are replanted afterwards
104
What are the consequences of deforestation?
Increased CO2 emissions, less O2, Eco-systems destroyed and reduces biodiversity
105
How can forestry be protected?
Replanting woodland used
106
What is a sustainable development?
Providing for the needs of an increasing population without harming the environment
107
What does sustainability require?
Planning and co-ordination at local, national and international levels
