Section Banks and Full Lengths Flashcards
What is the hill coefficient?
indicates degree of cooperative binding for molecules with more than one subunit
values of hill coefficient and meanings
less than one- negative cooperativity
equal to one- independent binding, no cooperativity
more than one- positive cooperativity (think hemoglobin)
HIV is what kind of virus?
retrovirus
PCR primers- what are they and where do you put them?
short pieces of single-stranded DNA. Two primers are used in each PCR reaction, they are designed to flank the target region. Other nucleotides will fill the gaps between the primers
PKA phosphorylates using
ATP
Relation between period and frequency
T=1/f
If the first harmonic has a frequency of 100 Hz, then the second harmonic will have a frequency of ______ Hz.
200
melting point and temperature increase
temperature of a metal will not increase above its melting point until ALL metal is melted. Applies for all phase changes
A charged particle _____ in an electric field
accelerates
Hydrostatic pressure
P=rho g depth
capacitance is ______ proportional to the distance between the plates
inversely
structure of adenosine
draw
structure of thymine
draw
structure of uracil
draw
structure of cytosine
draw
structure of ATP
draw
why does light slow down as it is going through a dense medium?
because its energy is absorbed and reemitted by the atomic structure of the medium
Force on a charge in an electric field
F=qE
glucose
draw
fructose
draw
galactose
draw
hydroquinone
draw
benzoquinone
draw
Energy of a photon
E=hf
solubility of amines
small amines are soluble, large are not
Quench
converted to its inactive form
-ate suffix is the
most common oxyanion
ite suffix is the
one oxygen fewer than ate
pyrophosphate
phosphorous oxyanions that contain POP linkeage, also called diphosphate
Kinetic control
preferred product is the one that is formed most quickly and has the lowest AE barrier. Even though products may be more stable, major product is formed most quickly. Often applies to irriversible reactions
Thermodynamic control
preference for the most stable product no matter which one forms first, even if it has a higher activation energy. Often applies to reversible reactions
Ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
very similar in structure, but different enough that bacterial ones can be targeted by antibiotics
Cell walls
ONLY BACTERIA
germ layers for epidermis and dermis
epidermis= ectoderm dermis= mesoderm
transferases
don’t only transfer functional groups, they can transfer any group. So, kinases are transferases.
catalytic efficiency
Kcat/Km
oligosaccharide
carbohydrate composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharides
Anionic substances bind to _____ exchange columns. Cationic substances bind to ______ exchange columns.
anionic, cationic
Histine has a pH of
6
Kcat
number of substrate molecules turned over/ second
Kcat formula
Kcat=vmax/E
Michaelis menton formula
Vo…..
buffer formula
pH=pKa + log (base/acid)
polarity of functional groups (most to least)
amide, COOH, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, amine, ester, ether, alkane
half life definition
time it takes for .5 of a radioactive material to decay into daughter nuclei
peptide chains run
N terminal to C terminal
naming ATP phosphates
first is alpha, then beta, gamma
cooperative process graphs
sigmoidal shapes. Protein folding/unfolding is cooperative
Venturi effect
for a constriction in a pipe there will be higher velocity and lower internal pressure
Oxidation occurs at the ______
Reduction occurs at the ______
anode
cathode
dhow to tell if it’s an ionic or covalent bond
material, but also electronegativity difference. Needs to be a large Eneg difference in order to be considered ionic.
coordinate covalent bonds
ones in which both electrons in the bond are derrived from the same atom
lineweaver burk x intercept
-1/km
lineweaver burk y intercept
1/vmax
lineweaver burk slope
km/vmax
dependency ratio
ratio of economically dependent members of society to economically productive workers (dependent is too young or too old to work. Working age 18-65)
Source monitoring Error
memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience
dissociative disorders
conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception
conversion disorders
causes patients to suffer from neurological symptoms (numbness, blindness, paralysis) witout any organic cause
affect component of attitude
the emotional reaction one has toward an attitude
which drugs have a high incidence of physical/psychological dependence?
stimulants, sedatives, and alcohol
which drug class has the lowest risk of dependence?
hallucinogens
Groupthink explained further
high pressures to reach consensus and stifle discontent. Produces minimal effective communication.
Self-serving bias
tendency to percieve oneself in an overly favorable manner
escape learing
operant conditioning involving learning how to STOP a painful or scary stimulus after it has began
avoidance learning
avoid painful or scary stimulus completely
How do you number pyrimidines and purines?
Always give the nitrogens the lowest numbers possible, starting with the double bonded nitrogen. AFfter that it would go to a carbonyl if there was one.
3 ways of doing gel electrophoresis
Native- All bonds in tact
SDS- remove all bonds but disulfides (all protein to protein bonds, subunits are now separate)
Reducing- removes intra protein bonds
More compact protein travels ______ in electrophoresis
farther
which of ATUCG has the most hydrogen bond acceptors?
C
Why does DNA denature when the pH is low?
H bond acceptors can become protonated and lose the ability to H bond
specific activity
measure of the reactivity of a compound per unit mass
glycerol sturcture
draw
disulfide bonds are ionic or covalent?
covalent
