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Geography > Section B- The Living World > Flashcards

Section B- The Living World Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a small scale ecosystem also called?

A

a habitat

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2
Q

give an example of a decomposer

A

fungi and bacteria help break down dead plants and animals which releases nutrients

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3
Q

what is biotic

A

a living component

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4
Q

what is Abiotic

A

non living component

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5
Q

give an example of a physical link in an ecosystem

A

animals eating plants

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6
Q

give an example of a chemical linkage in an ecosystem

A

mild acid in rainwater helps speed up decay of dead leaves

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7
Q

explain the importance of the nutrient cycle

A

all animals and plants rely on nutrients from food

they occur naturally and are recycled in all ecosystems

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8
Q

what are the three main nutrient stores?

A

biomass
litter
soil

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9
Q

how does extreme weather effect the balance of an ecosystem?

A

can impact food change

e.g fewer trees the aphids and capsids eat fewer leaves and there sparrow each less aphids

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10
Q

how can human action effect ecosystem balance?

A

defforestation has the same effect as extreme weather

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11
Q

how does the loss or gain of a species effect a food web?

A

beetle population reduced by disease= fewer woodpeckers

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12
Q

describe the distribution of tropical rainforests

A

across the equator and mostly within the tropics

mainly in south america central africa and islands of south east asia

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13
Q

describe some of the physical characteristics of a tropical trainforest

A

hot
wet
rainfall occurs in every month
high humidity

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14
Q

describe the rainforest soils

A

shallow and acidic

infertile and nutrients are washed away

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15
Q

where are most nutrients found in a rainforest

A

decaying animals and vegetation

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16
Q

how have lianas adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

use other trees to climb up to maximise sunlight

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17
Q

how are buttress roots adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

shallow roots which soak up nutrients

give extra stabability in shallow soils

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18
Q

how are drip tips adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

waxy surface for water run off

prevents growth of algae which would block photsynthesis

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19
Q

how have snakes adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

camouflage techniques help catch their prey

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20
Q

how have jaguars and other big cats adapted to the rainforests?

A

strong short limbs
strong jaw
sharp teeth all enable them to catch and kill large animals
stocky and musclular builds allows them to live in trees if flood

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21
Q

how have monkeys adapted to living in the tropical rainforest?

A

swing through canopy layer using long limbs and strong tails

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22
Q

define interdependence in a tropical rainforest

A

within a tropical rainforest things become totally dependant on other things being there and working

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23
Q

give an example of interdependence in a tropical rainforest

A

animals rely on water

plants rely on sunlight

24
Q

describe the distribution of deforestation in the amazon rainforest and a reason behind it

A

majority within south of amazon basin
up to 1997 its east and south following the rivers
because this was more accessable to transport

25
Q

briefly describe logging

A

clearing the land of trees to be used for other activities

26
Q

briefly describe mineral extraction

A

minerals found in tropical rainforests such as gold and bauxite
50,000 hectres of the rainforest are used for mining gold

27
Q

briefly describe energy development

A

unlimited supply of water and riverconditions encourage damms to be built for hydro-electric power
involved flooding the rainforest

28
Q

briefly describe cattle farming

A

large areas of forest cleared for cattle rearing
accounts for 80% of destruction
land cant be used for long so move on and ruin more rainforest

29
Q

briefly describe crop farming

A

make way for large plantations

soil doesnt sustain the crops so new parts of rainforest get cut down all the time

30
Q

briefly describe road building

A

roads needed to bring equipment and transport products. one road makes rainforest accessable for any exploiter

31
Q

how has deforestation impacted soil?

A

when any part of forest in cleared thin topsoil quickly removed by heavy rainfall so little hope of anything growing again

32
Q

how has deforestation had an economic impact?

A

money made by using the rainforest but only mostly for big companies

33
Q

how has defforestaion has an impact on climate change?

A

trees relase co2 if slash and burning happens
fires are used to clear rainforest
if trees are cut down then the can no longer produce oxygen and release co2

34
Q

name some rainforest stakeholders

A 
animals in forest
companies exploiting it 
charities 
government
transportation companies
35
Q

briefly outline selective logging and replanting as a sustainable strategy

A

the cutting down of ONLY one or two species
the two work together as once trees have been felled and land is no longer in use new trees can be planted
sustains natural cycles and economic activity can still take place

36
Q

briefly outline conservation and education as a sustainable stretegy

A

those who are exploiting the rainforest can be educated o the long term impacts

37
Q

briefly outline ecotoursim as a sustainable strategy

A

reduces the impact tourism has on environment
keep to footpaths
stay in locally owned accomadation buy local produce
don’t interfere with wildlife
doesnt overuse vacilities but people can still visit

38
Q

briefly outline international agreements of tropical wood as a sustainable strategy

A

make more efficient use of trees andimproves effiency of wood utilisation

39
Q

briefly outline debt reduction as a sustainable strategy

A

when a portion of debt from a foreign country is forgiven in return for local investments in the rainforest

40
Q

physical characteristics of a cold environment

A

mostly below freezing

permafrost

41
Q

how have plants in the tundra adapted to their cold environment?

A

grow together and close to the ground helps reists the effects of cold temperatures
can grow under snow
flower leaves grow quickly as short summer
small leaves plant can retain more moisture

42
Q

how have alaskan wolves in the tundra adapted to cold environments

A

smaller shorter legs and ears to retain heat

large feet to walk across uncompacted snow and using up lots of energy

43
Q

how has the snowshoe hare adapted to the tundra?

A

different coloured hair er season helps camouflage them

large feet to move through snow

44
Q

give some examples of interdependance within a cold environment?

A

birds use mosses to line their nests in preperation for the cold winds
plants dependent on the permafrost for stablising root

45
Q

what opportunities are found in alaska?

A

mineral extraction
fishing
oil
tourism

46
Q

give some facts about fishing in alaska

A

successful and sustainable
$6 bill per year
3,000 rivers in alaska

47
Q

give some facts about mineral extraction in alaska

A

1/5 of wealth is from gold

humans and ecostystems can be harmed

48
Q

give some facts about tourism in alaska

A

historical sites
brings 1-2 million visitors per year
seasonal and poor pay

49
Q

give some facts about oil extraction in alaska

A

provides over 10,000 jobs
1/3 of alaska annual earnings ($40 billion)
oil leaks damage environment

50
Q

why is accessabiltiy a challenge in alaska?

A

snow and ice make roads unusable for months
active layer melts in summer leaving permafrost roads cant be used
solifluction when active layer flows down hill piling up at bottom causing blockages
melting and refreezing of active layer causes uneven surface

51
Q

why are infrastructure and buildings a probem in alaska and how is solved?

A

heat under houses escapes melting surfaces (raised housing)
runways refelct light and heat them up (painted white)
oil pipes can melt permafrost (elevated pipes)

52
Q

what is the value of wilderness areas?

A

provide vital ecosystem services i.e polar regions ice and snow reflect sunlight which regulates temperature of the earth
permafrost keeps in large amounts of methane and green house gases

53
Q

give an example of an international agreement that helps conserve the cold environment

A

international convention of whaling helped conserve whale species in coasts of many cold environments

54
Q

what is a primary producer?

A

plants that use photosynthesis and take up nutrients from soil

55
Q

what is a primary consumer?

A

plant-eating animal

56
Q

what is a secondary consumer?

A

animals that feed on herbivores

Geography (6 decks)

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