Section A- Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards
define urbanisation
a rise in population of people living in urban areas
what is the global pattern of urban change?
- lowest growth rate is in europe
- higher in africa and asia
- america low growth rate
which push factors effect urban migration?
lack of jobs
poor living conditions
lack of resources
natural disaster
which pull factors effect urban migration?
job ops
better conditions
more services
more people/family
what is natural increase?
birth rate is higher than death rate so population grows
where is lagos?
Nigeria (the largest city)
why is lagos important?
its the centre of trade and commerce
80% of Nigeria’s industry is base here
If Lagos is the biggest city in Nigeria why is it not the capital?
Nigerian government moved to Abuja- the current capital
What was the main cause of population growth in Lagos?
rural to urban migration
What are the social opportunities in Lagos?
Education:
schools and unis in lagos- if educated more likely to find a job- 11,000+ primary schools
Healthcare:
available in lagos and is closer than living in countryside- clean water and services
what are the economic opportunities in lagos
more jobs available than anywhere else in nigeria
if cant work in formal economy- paying tax
can work in the informal economy e.g street vender
what is Lagos’ GDP?
$90 billion
what is Nigeria’s GDP?
$573 billion
what % of GDP comes from lagos?
15%
what % of nigerias population does lagos contain?
10%
how does the infrastructure of Lagos benefit the economy?
has two ports and an airport meaning its more acsessable for people looking for jobs and also trading
what is the challenge of managing urban growth?
slums providing clean water providing access to services reducing unemployment and crime managing environmental issues
describe the slums in Lagos (challenge)
makako slums- people live in poor conditions as the houses arent developed properly, dirty water and bad waste desposal system- illegal
estimated 150-250,000 people live there
describe the water supply in Lagos (challenge)
dirty rainwater is collected from roofs
not a reliable source
water containers could be contaiminated
chemicals from plastic mix wi water
describe the sanitation in Lagos (challenge)
Lagos- 1% of houses connected to sewers
describe the energy in lagos (challenge)
no air con
unreliable and expensive generators means no to little electricity
describe the healthcare in lagos (challenge)
12 main hospitals supply 20 mill people
3707 people share each doctor
cholera outbreaks occur often
describe unemployment in lagos (challenge)
fluctuating figures currently 25% unemployed
why is there a high crime rate in lagos?
unemployed people become desperate and turn to a life of crime.
describe the education in lagos (challenge)
98% of children are in education however many in slums cant afford it
what is the cause of air pollution in lagos and what solution could be used?
5X higher than internationally recommended
biggest cause traffic
improve walking and cycling routes
what is the cause of excess waste in lagos and what solution could be used?
huge landfill site near lagos where most waste goes
only 13% is recycled
- turn rubbish into energy. LSWMA plan to produce 25MW of electricity. this is enough to power 1 town
- unemployed people do the recycling
what is the cause of water pollution in lagos and what solutions could be used?
only wealthiest homes have piped water
public taps, bore holes or vendors- lack of proper sewage systems pollutes water
licence for bore holes
lagos state water regulatory commission began regulating water supply and vendors(2012)
what is the cause of traffic congestion in lagos and what solutions could be used?
40% of new cars in nigeria are registered in lagos
intro lagos metropolitan area transport authority which
intro bus rapid transport system + light railway (2016)
plans for rail mass transit
what urban planning technique is used in lagos to help the urban poor?
floating communities
how can floating communities overcome the issue of lagos’ growing population?
- land is under increasing pressure so putting it in on water decreases that
- schools can be provided 60 children at a time
- quick build provide sustainable living
how can floating communities overcome the issue of Lagos’ power supply?
-solar pannels on floating school in Makoko
provides more electricity than required so can be used by local community as well
how can floating communities overcome the issue of Lagos’ water supply?
steep sided roofs- rain runs off and collected for drinking and washing
solar energy can pump water from one spot to another
how can floating communities overcome the issue of Lagos’ population density?
stop development of slums
people more spread out
how can floating communities overcome the issue of rising sea level?
foundations of them can rise and fall with variable sea levels
reduces risk of flooding + saves from rebuilding (money and inconvenience)
describe the location of Birmingham in relation to physical and human features
centre of west midlands high ground (150-300m above sea level) natural vegetation= woodlands 163km north west of london M5 runs W of Bham
Why is Birmingham built where it is?
reasonably close to main western trading ports of Liverpool and Newport
high ground= defence benefit
natural veg= woodland= resources
centre of country easy access
why is Birmingham important on a world wide scale?
first steam engine was invented there leading tofirst available mass transport
alternative business hub in UK shown by HSBC
Why did migration occur in Birmingham?
1950s - after WW2 many english men died.
immigration from common wealth of nations 9ncreased
1990s- increase in conflict in world. residents from somalia+ east africa
what are the positive impacts of migration on Birmingham?
more safe around people of the same ethnicity
everyone speaking same language as you
different businesses
cultural experiences
what are the negative impacts of migration on Birmingham?
causes racial tension overcrowding violence racism religious tension
How has cultural mixing made opportunities in Birmingham?
Balti triangle
new fashion and religion
enables people to learn about more cultures
How has recreation and entertainment at Brindley place created opportunities in Birmingham?
Business’ make money from it
people interact with eachother
creates jobs
how has recreation and entertainment at symphony hall created opportunities in Birmingham?
music and performances
attracts people offers jobs
how has recreation and entertainment at the library created opportunities in Birmingham?
attracts uni students
jobs
historians
how have integrated transport systems created opportunities in Birmingham? (3)
- trams=more jobs, more people get into city-reduces CO2
- new street station=300,000 people per day
- two rings roads easy access to city
How has urban greening created opportunities in Birmingham? (5)
- physical activity in green spaces
- vegetated areas reduce flood risk
- mental health benefits surrounded by green
- habitats
- clean air
How has urban change created urban deprivation?
people move and live on the outside of Birmingham so they can still acess it.poorer people left in the centre
how has urban change created unemployment?
areas with the greatest poverty have the highest unemployment rates.
how has urban change created housing inequality?
population is increasing- house building can’t keep up.newer nice one are built on the fringe
how has urban change created lower life expectancy in the centre of Birmingham?
less well off
can’t afford a good quality of life
Urban change has created dereliction. what are the negatives of this?
squatters
anit-social behaviour
could fall down
doesn’t look nice
What is a brownfield site?
a previously developed piece of land now available for re-development
what is a greenfield site?
an undeveloped piece of land with proposed first time development
what are the benefits of a brownfield site?
already have plumbing,electricity
stop expansion
more environmentally friendly
what are the disadvantages of a brownfield site?
expensive
contain chemicals or bacteria
time consuming clearing it
what are the benefits of a greenfield site?
cheaper than brownfield
doesn’t contain chemicals
doesn’t take time to clear
what are the disadvantages of a greenfield site?
encourage urban sprawl
doesn’t have plumbing
less environmentally friendly
how has urban change created issues with waste disposal?
growing population increases house hold waste aswelll as commercial waste
what is urban sprawl?
the spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside
how has urban sprawl created challenges?
houses in the centre are of lower quality and cheaper which forces the less well off to live here. due to the age they may be dangerous
what is a green belt?
land where urban development is not allowed, this is to prevent urban sprawl
what are the benefits of a green belt?
prevents all environment being destroyed
stops urban areas combining
preserves habitats
how has urban change created challenges for green belts?
Birmingham has a housing crisis forcing a reduction on green belts
what is sustainability?
looking after the needs of today without reducing opportunities in the future
How does London approach waste managment
landfill sites
carried on barges
lorries to transport
is London’s approach to waste management sustainable?
no,they use landfill sites
these will soon become full and then it can’t be managed
How does creating green spaces made an area more sustainable?
more trees=pollution reduction- future generations can live there
trees intercept water decrease flooding
Which part of London has a sustainable water and energy conservation scheme?
East village (built for Olympics)
How does water recycling work in East village?
rain water drains into ponds, filtered+ cleaned naturally by reed beds
pumped back to village
How does the combined heat and power system work in East village?
generates electricity + produces heat from same source
heat as a by product is used to heat water
How does Curitiba have sustainable transport systems?
Three main roads
bigger buses
BRT easy and cheap to run
How does Curitiba have a sustainable waste management system?
in slums people clean up waste in return for food
5 kilos of waste=1kilo of food
How are Curitiba’s open spaces sustainable?
no parks are man made- allowed to flood
ring of parks round city
use sheep to trim grass
