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Geography > Section B- The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Section B- The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

what can be used to measure development? (11)

A
  • GDP
  • GNI
  • Birth rate
  • death rate
  • infant mortality rate
  • literacy rate
  • people per doctor
  • access to safe water
  • life expectancy
  • HDI
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2
Q

which is is the best development measurement to use?

A

human development index because it combines social and economic factors

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3
Q

what was the earliest method of dividing countries?

A

first second and third world based on their income

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4
Q

why is the first second and third world classification system useless?

A

their are other factors that contribute to development not just income
parts of countries are wealthier than others

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5
Q

How does the demographic transition model work?

A

measures population change over time

studies birth+ death rate

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6
Q

what is stage one of the demographic transition model?

A

high stationary

includes a few remote groups

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7
Q

what is stage two of the demographic transition model?

A

early expanding

include egypt,kenya,india

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8
Q

what is stage three of the demographic transition model?

A

late expanding

includes brazil

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9
Q

what is stage four of the demographic transition model?

A

low stationary

includes USA,France,UK

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10
Q

what is stage five of the demographic transition model?

A

declining?

includes Germany

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11
Q

How has history caused uneven development?

A

colonism harmed many countries+ created conflict
European countries wanted global influence
South America+Africa badly affected-slave trade

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12
Q

How have economic factors caused uneven development?

A

European powers took raw materials at low prices-jeopardise economic development

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13
Q

How have physical factors caused uneven development?

A

countries with no coastline can’t trade

natural hazards destroy settlements

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14
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A

disparities in health,wealth + international migration

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15
Q

What is the Gini Coefficient? (disparity of wealth)

A

a measure of intenal disparities. LICs tend to have a high Gini coefficient

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16
Q

Is there a disparity in health between LICs and HICs?

A

yes e.g
LICs only 20% of deaths are people over 70
HICs 70% of deaths people over 70

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17
Q

How does uneven development lead to international migration?

A

migrants in search of a better life

others leave due to flee disasters

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18
Q

how can investment help reduce the development gap?

A

TNCs- produce goods+ services in lots of countries (mcdonalds)
the multiplier effect
FDI

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19
Q

what is the multiplier effect?

A

investment in a business helps to thrive- this can turn into help for other businesses- and so on

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20
Q

what is FDI

A

Foreign Direct Investment, cash injected from TNCs

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21
Q

give an example how investment can improve the quality of life in a LIC?

A

Apples iphones are manufacture in china but invented in the US. Give jobs to chinese workers

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22
Q

How has industrial development helped to improve the development gap?

A

Set up factories in LICs
look for new markets in LICs
produce close to where you are selling

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23
Q

what is top down aid?

A

money is given to the government to spend on the country

doesn’t always ‘trickle down’ to the poor people so it’s not fair

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24
Q

what is bottom up aid?

A

giving money to the poorest people to start development

money isn’t lost to corruption

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25
Q

how does aid improve the development gap?

A

if used correctly in can start up business in LICs and build their economy

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26
Q

how has intermediate technology helped reduce development gap?

A

region not fit for farming so solar cookers given to india- sustainable

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27
Q

what is fairtrade?

A

people get a fair price for goods they produce

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28
Q

how has fair trade helped reduce the development gap?

A

people get fair prices for their goods which means they get paid properly

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29
Q

What is debt relief?

A

reduce the amount of debt in a country

e.g $1 billion of debt was dropped per year for the most in debt countries

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30
Q

what is microfinance?

A

type of banking service provided to low-income individuals who have no other access to financial services.

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31
Q

how has Tourism in Kenya helped?

A

600,000 directly or indirectly employed by tourism
tourism contributes to 12%+ Kenyas GDP
since 2000 HDI increased 0.45 to 0.55

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32
Q

how has toursim in Kenya not helped? (3)

A

tourist vehicles damage environment
small proportion of money goes to locals-goes to big companies
tribes for of land to create parks

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33
Q

what is the quaternary sector?

A

industries providing information services such as ICT

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34
Q

what is globalisation?

A

growth and spread of ideas around the world

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35
Q

what is deindustrialisation?

A

the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region of economy

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36
Q

How has decline in traditional industrial base caused economic change?

A

less free money
less money spent on leisure
tertiary sector employment increases

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37
Q

what were the causes of de-industrialisation? (3)

A

NEEs opened their countries to global businesses- UK firms moved there
UK has strict environmental laws
more expensive in the uk (wages)

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38
Q

What are the positive impacts of globalisation on the UK economy?

A

economic growth
cheaper goods
high value production
foreign investment

39
Q

what are the negative impacts of globalisation on the UK economy?

A

less manufacturing- less factory jobs
inequality
outsources jobs-unemployment

40
Q

How have government policies changed the economy?

A

originally want to support declining industries
state owned industries were sold to private shareholders
2010+ wanted to focus of re-balancing the economy

41
Q

How has IT changed the economy?

A

altered the type and location of jobs
more flexible hours
can interview over the phone

42
Q

how has finance changed the UK economy?

A

employs of 2 million people

43
Q

how have science parks created economic benefits?

A

investment from large companies provides local employment

more transport in cities

44
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

where manufacturing industry declines replaced by the growth of the service sector

45
Q

What is sustainable about jaguars future project?

A

reduces CO2
high efficiency engines
create a hybrid

46
Q

Why are Jaguar going to start using lightweight and recyclable materials?

A

lightweight shells increase fuel efficiency

recyclable cuts down exploitation of natural resources

47
Q

how does the car industry create air pollution?

A

burning petrol and diesel= Co2 + nitrogen oxide

48
Q

how does the car industry create industrial waste?

A

cars on scrap heaps

acid batteries leak into environment

49
Q

how does the car industry exploit resources?

A

made from a range of resources steel rubber glass

50
Q

how does industry contribute to energy use?

A

under a 1/3 consumed by industry

51
Q

what are the positives of growth on Coggeshall (Essex)?

A

health + education services improve
businesses thrive
greater variety of social events

52
Q

what are the negatives of growth on Coggeshall (Essex)?

A

new residents unaware of local culture so it dies out

rising house prices air pollution

53
Q

what are the negatives of rural decline on Wheathampstead?

A

bank closed- just a cash point
one mini market- expensive
businesses closing down

54
Q

How can growth be tackled?

A

increasing housing on brownfield sites
increase greenbelts
stricter planning rules

55
Q

how can decline be tackled?

A

more transport links

invest money in area to attract people

56
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

western coast of Africa

57
Q

what is the global importance of Nigeria?

A

by 2050 one of top 20 largest economies
12th largest producer of oil
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping

58
Q

what is the importance of Nigeria in Africa?

A

highest GDP in continent
largest population
largest farm output

59
Q

What is the political context of Nigeria?

A

1960s many African countries gained independence
development prevented by dictators
now free and fair elections

60
Q

what is the social context of Nigeria?

A

very diverse
1960s civil war one group tried to separate
religious tension

61
Q

what is the cultural context of Nigeria?

A

own music and cinema ‘nollywood’

teams have won African cup of nations three times

62
Q

how has employment changed since 1999 to 2012 in Nigeria?

A

Tertiary sector increase 10%
secondary sector increase 20%
primary sector decrease 30%

63
Q

how has Nigeria’s manufacturing sector helped boost economic development?

A
  • regular paid workers secure income
  • goods are available for people to buy
  • attracts foreign companies
64
Q

How many TNCs are operating in Nigeria?

A

40

65
Q

How does Unilever benefit Nigeria?

A
  • work with people from local markets

- promoted improvements in health,education and water supply

66
Q

how does shell oil hinder Nigeria?

A
  • toxic fumes pollute the air

- pollute drinking water

67
Q

Why does Nigeria receive aid despite its development?

A

60% of the population live on less than 63p a day
life expectancy is low
limited access to health,education + clean water

68
Q

Why is aid not always effective in Nigeria?

A

corrupt government

claims aid money is given to Navy

69
Q

How does Nigeria benefit from aid?

A

mosquito nets
help develop businesses
UK government funded HIV programme in rural areas

70
Q

what is emergency short term aid?

A

needed after sudden disasters

71
Q

what is charitable aid?

A

funded by donations from public

72
Q

what is long term development aid?

A

provides local communities with skills through organisations

73
Q

what is multilateral aid?

A

given through international organisations

74
Q

how has industrial growth effected Nigeria’s environment?

A
  • toxic waste in rivers
  • pollutants in drains
  • fumes-lung problems
75
Q

how has urban growth effected Nigeria’s environment?

A
  • waste disposal- not a proper system
  • traffic congestion= pollution
  • forests destroyed for housing
76
Q

how has mineral and oil extraction effected Nigeria’s environment?

A
  • soil erosion
  • oil spills-damage fresh water ecosystems
  • oil spills causes fires=release CO2
77
Q

How has economic development effected quality of life?

A

safe water,higher life expectancy

poor effect on education and sanitation

78
Q

what are the plans for developing roads in the UK?

A

smart motoways

79
Q

how many vehicle do we have on UK roads?

A

35 million

80
Q

how do smart motorways work?

A

hard shoulder is used for traffic at peak times
change speed limit for traffic flow
close lanes for emergency vehicles

81
Q

what are the benefits of a smart motorway?

A

increased road capacity and cheaper then widening schemes

82
Q

why do some people criticise smart motorways?

A

concerned about the safety of no hard shoulder

scammed by speed camera

83
Q

what are the plans for developing the UK’s trains?

A

HS2

84
Q

what is HS2?

A

high speed rail to link London to the midlands

85
Q

what are the benefits of HS2?

A

£40 billion into economy
people don’t have to live so close to where they work
create more jobs throughout midlands

86
Q

what are the problems with HS2?

A

costs £42 billion
lead to more people accessing jobs in London
will demolish thousands of homes

87
Q

describe the UK port industry

A

employs 101,000 people

60+ million passenger+domestic journeys per year

88
Q

what are the plans for developing ports in the UK?

A

Liverpool 2

89
Q

what is Liverpool 2?

A

expansion of the Liverpool port

90
Q

what are the benefits of Liverpool 2?

A

increase trade in north
reduce north-south divide
north more access to trading routes

91
Q

What is the importance of airports to the UK’s economy?

A

750,000 international flights per year

92
Q

what are the plans for developing Airports in the UK?

A 
expand Heathrow (main option)
second runway in Birmingham,Manchester or stansted
93
Q

what are the advantages of expanding Heathrow?

A

220,000 more flights per year
£200 billion into economy
increase employees

94
Q

what are the disadvantages of expanding Heathrow?

A

uk’s largest CO2 emitter
people live below flight path
sipson destroyed-700 homes lost

Geography (6 decks)

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