Section B- The Changing Economic World Flashcards
what can be used to measure development? (11)
- GDP
- GNI
- Birth rate
- death rate
- infant mortality rate
- literacy rate
- people per doctor
- access to safe water
- life expectancy
- HDI
which is is the best development measurement to use?
human development index because it combines social and economic factors
what was the earliest method of dividing countries?
first second and third world based on their income
why is the first second and third world classification system useless?
their are other factors that contribute to development not just income
parts of countries are wealthier than others
How does the demographic transition model work?
measures population change over time
studies birth+ death rate
what is stage one of the demographic transition model?
high stationary
includes a few remote groups
what is stage two of the demographic transition model?
early expanding
include egypt,kenya,india
what is stage three of the demographic transition model?
late expanding
includes brazil
what is stage four of the demographic transition model?
low stationary
includes USA,France,UK
what is stage five of the demographic transition model?
declining?
includes Germany
How has history caused uneven development?
colonism harmed many countries+ created conflict
European countries wanted global influence
South America+Africa badly affected-slave trade
How have economic factors caused uneven development?
European powers took raw materials at low prices-jeopardise economic development
How have physical factors caused uneven development?
countries with no coastline can’t trade
natural hazards destroy settlements
What are the consequences of uneven development?
disparities in health,wealth + international migration
What is the Gini Coefficient? (disparity of wealth)
a measure of intenal disparities. LICs tend to have a high Gini coefficient
Is there a disparity in health between LICs and HICs?
yes e.g
LICs only 20% of deaths are people over 70
HICs 70% of deaths people over 70
How does uneven development lead to international migration?
migrants in search of a better life
others leave due to flee disasters
how can investment help reduce the development gap?
TNCs- produce goods+ services in lots of countries (mcdonalds)
the multiplier effect
FDI
what is the multiplier effect?
investment in a business helps to thrive- this can turn into help for other businesses- and so on
what is FDI
Foreign Direct Investment, cash injected from TNCs
give an example how investment can improve the quality of life in a LIC?
Apples iphones are manufacture in china but invented in the US. Give jobs to chinese workers
How has industrial development helped to improve the development gap?
Set up factories in LICs
look for new markets in LICs
produce close to where you are selling
what is top down aid?
money is given to the government to spend on the country
doesn’t always ‘trickle down’ to the poor people so it’s not fair
what is bottom up aid?
giving money to the poorest people to start development
money isn’t lost to corruption
how does aid improve the development gap?
if used correctly in can start up business in LICs and build their economy
how has intermediate technology helped reduce development gap?
region not fit for farming so solar cookers given to india- sustainable
what is fairtrade?
people get a fair price for goods they produce
how has fair trade helped reduce the development gap?
people get fair prices for their goods which means they get paid properly
What is debt relief?
reduce the amount of debt in a country
e.g $1 billion of debt was dropped per year for the most in debt countries
what is microfinance?
type of banking service provided to low-income individuals who have no other access to financial services.
how has Tourism in Kenya helped?
600,000 directly or indirectly employed by tourism
tourism contributes to 12%+ Kenyas GDP
since 2000 HDI increased 0.45 to 0.55
how has toursim in Kenya not helped? (3)
tourist vehicles damage environment
small proportion of money goes to locals-goes to big companies
tribes for of land to create parks
what is the quaternary sector?
industries providing information services such as ICT
what is globalisation?
growth and spread of ideas around the world
what is deindustrialisation?
the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region of economy
How has decline in traditional industrial base caused economic change?
less free money
less money spent on leisure
tertiary sector employment increases
what were the causes of de-industrialisation? (3)
NEEs opened their countries to global businesses- UK firms moved there
UK has strict environmental laws
more expensive in the uk (wages)
What are the positive impacts of globalisation on the UK economy?
economic growth
cheaper goods
high value production
foreign investment
what are the negative impacts of globalisation on the UK economy?
less manufacturing- less factory jobs
inequality
outsources jobs-unemployment
How have government policies changed the economy?
originally want to support declining industries
state owned industries were sold to private shareholders
2010+ wanted to focus of re-balancing the economy
How has IT changed the economy?
altered the type and location of jobs
more flexible hours
can interview over the phone
how has finance changed the UK economy?
employs of 2 million people
how have science parks created economic benefits?
investment from large companies provides local employment
more transport in cities
What is a post industrial economy?
where manufacturing industry declines replaced by the growth of the service sector
What is sustainable about jaguars future project?
reduces CO2
high efficiency engines
create a hybrid
Why are Jaguar going to start using lightweight and recyclable materials?
lightweight shells increase fuel efficiency
recyclable cuts down exploitation of natural resources
how does the car industry create air pollution?
burning petrol and diesel= Co2 + nitrogen oxide
how does the car industry create industrial waste?
cars on scrap heaps
acid batteries leak into environment
how does the car industry exploit resources?
made from a range of resources steel rubber glass
how does industry contribute to energy use?
under a 1/3 consumed by industry
what are the positives of growth on Coggeshall (Essex)?
health + education services improve
businesses thrive
greater variety of social events
what are the negatives of growth on Coggeshall (Essex)?
new residents unaware of local culture so it dies out
rising house prices air pollution
what are the negatives of rural decline on Wheathampstead?
bank closed- just a cash point
one mini market- expensive
businesses closing down
How can growth be tackled?
increasing housing on brownfield sites
increase greenbelts
stricter planning rules
how can decline be tackled?
more transport links
invest money in area to attract people
Where is Nigeria located?
western coast of Africa
what is the global importance of Nigeria?
by 2050 one of top 20 largest economies
12th largest producer of oil
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping
what is the importance of Nigeria in Africa?
highest GDP in continent
largest population
largest farm output
What is the political context of Nigeria?
1960s many African countries gained independence
development prevented by dictators
now free and fair elections
what is the social context of Nigeria?
very diverse
1960s civil war one group tried to separate
religious tension
what is the cultural context of Nigeria?
own music and cinema ‘nollywood’
teams have won African cup of nations three times
how has employment changed since 1999 to 2012 in Nigeria?
Tertiary sector increase 10%
secondary sector increase 20%
primary sector decrease 30%
how has Nigeria’s manufacturing sector helped boost economic development?
- regular paid workers secure income
- goods are available for people to buy
- attracts foreign companies
How many TNCs are operating in Nigeria?
40
How does Unilever benefit Nigeria?
- work with people from local markets
- promoted improvements in health,education and water supply
how does shell oil hinder Nigeria?
- toxic fumes pollute the air
- pollute drinking water
Why does Nigeria receive aid despite its development?
60% of the population live on less than 63p a day
life expectancy is low
limited access to health,education + clean water
Why is aid not always effective in Nigeria?
corrupt government
claims aid money is given to Navy
How does Nigeria benefit from aid?
mosquito nets
help develop businesses
UK government funded HIV programme in rural areas
what is emergency short term aid?
needed after sudden disasters
what is charitable aid?
funded by donations from public
what is long term development aid?
provides local communities with skills through organisations
what is multilateral aid?
given through international organisations
how has industrial growth effected Nigeria’s environment?
- toxic waste in rivers
- pollutants in drains
- fumes-lung problems
how has urban growth effected Nigeria’s environment?
- waste disposal- not a proper system
- traffic congestion= pollution
- forests destroyed for housing
how has mineral and oil extraction effected Nigeria’s environment?
- soil erosion
- oil spills-damage fresh water ecosystems
- oil spills causes fires=release CO2
How has economic development effected quality of life?
safe water,higher life expectancy
poor effect on education and sanitation
what are the plans for developing roads in the UK?
smart motoways
how many vehicle do we have on UK roads?
35 million
how do smart motorways work?
hard shoulder is used for traffic at peak times
change speed limit for traffic flow
close lanes for emergency vehicles
what are the benefits of a smart motorway?
increased road capacity and cheaper then widening schemes
why do some people criticise smart motorways?
concerned about the safety of no hard shoulder
scammed by speed camera
what are the plans for developing the UK’s trains?
HS2
what is HS2?
high speed rail to link London to the midlands
what are the benefits of HS2?
£40 billion into economy
people don’t have to live so close to where they work
create more jobs throughout midlands
what are the problems with HS2?
costs £42 billion
lead to more people accessing jobs in London
will demolish thousands of homes
describe the UK port industry
employs 101,000 people
60+ million passenger+domestic journeys per year
what are the plans for developing ports in the UK?
Liverpool 2
what is Liverpool 2?
expansion of the Liverpool port
what are the benefits of Liverpool 2?
increase trade in north
reduce north-south divide
north more access to trading routes
What is the importance of airports to the UK’s economy?
750,000 international flights per year
what are the plans for developing Airports in the UK?
expand Heathrow (main option) second runway in Birmingham,Manchester or stansted
what are the advantages of expanding Heathrow?
220,000 more flights per year
£200 billion into economy
increase employees
what are the disadvantages of expanding Heathrow?
uk’s largest CO2 emitter
people live below flight path
sipson destroyed-700 homes lost
