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Section B- The Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

what can be used to measure development? (11)

A
  • GDP
  • GNI
  • Birth rate
  • death rate
  • infant mortality rate
  • literacy rate
  • people per doctor
  • access to safe water
  • life expectancy
  • HDI
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2
Q

which is is the best development measurement to use?

A

human development index because it combines social and economic factors

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3
Q

what was the earliest method of dividing countries?

A

first second and third world based on their income

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4
Q

why is the first second and third world classification system useless?

A

their are other factors that contribute to development not just income
parts of countries are wealthier than others

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5
Q

How does the demographic transition model work?

A

measures population change over time

studies birth+ death rate

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6
Q

what is stage one of the demographic transition model?

A

high stationary

includes a few remote groups

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7
Q

what is stage two of the demographic transition model?

A

early expanding

include egypt,kenya,india

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8
Q

what is stage three of the demographic transition model?

A

late expanding

includes brazil

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9
Q

what is stage four of the demographic transition model?

A

low stationary

includes USA,France,UK

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10
Q

what is stage five of the demographic transition model?

A

declining?

includes Germany

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11
Q

How has history caused uneven development?

A

colonism harmed many countries+ created conflict
European countries wanted global influence
South America+Africa badly affected-slave trade

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12
Q

How have economic factors caused uneven development?

A

European powers took raw materials at low prices-jeopardise economic development

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13
Q

How have physical factors caused uneven development?

A

countries with no coastline can’t trade

natural hazards destroy settlements

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14
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A

disparities in health,wealth + international migration

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15
Q

What is the Gini Coefficient? (disparity of wealth)

A

a measure of intenal disparities. LICs tend to have a high Gini coefficient

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16
Q

Is there a disparity in health between LICs and HICs?

A

yes e.g
LICs only 20% of deaths are people over 70
HICs 70% of deaths people over 70

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17
Q

How does uneven development lead to international migration?

A

migrants in search of a better life

others leave due to flee disasters

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18
Q

how can investment help reduce the development gap?

A

TNCs- produce goods+ services in lots of countries (mcdonalds)
the multiplier effect
FDI

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19
Q

what is the multiplier effect?

A

investment in a business helps to thrive- this can turn into help for other businesses- and so on

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20
Q

what is FDI

A

Foreign Direct Investment, cash injected from TNCs

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21
Q

give an example how investment can improve the quality of life in a LIC?

A

Apples iphones are manufacture in china but invented in the US. Give jobs to chinese workers

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22
Q

How has industrial development helped to improve the development gap?

A

Set up factories in LICs
look for new markets in LICs
produce close to where you are selling

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23
Q

what is top down aid?

A

money is given to the government to spend on the country

doesn’t always ‘trickle down’ to the poor people so it’s not fair

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24
Q

what is bottom up aid?

A

giving money to the poorest people to start development

money isn’t lost to corruption

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25
how does aid improve the development gap?
if used correctly in can start up business in LICs and build their economy
26
how has intermediate technology helped reduce development gap?
region not fit for farming so solar cookers given to india- sustainable
27
what is fairtrade?
people get a fair price for goods they produce
28
how has fair trade helped reduce the development gap?
people get fair prices for their goods which means they get paid properly
29
What is debt relief?
reduce the amount of debt in a country | e.g $1 billion of debt was dropped per year for the most in debt countries
30
what is microfinance?
type of banking service provided to low-income individuals who have no other access to financial services.
31
how has Tourism in Kenya helped?
600,000 directly or indirectly employed by tourism tourism contributes to 12%+ Kenyas GDP since 2000 HDI increased 0.45 to 0.55
32
how has toursim in Kenya not helped? (3)
tourist vehicles damage environment small proportion of money goes to locals-goes to big companies tribes for of land to create parks
33
what is the quaternary sector?
industries providing information services such as ICT
34
what is globalisation?
growth and spread of ideas around the world
35
what is deindustrialisation?
the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region of economy
36
How has decline in traditional industrial base caused economic change?
less free money less money spent on leisure tertiary sector employment increases
37
what were the causes of de-industrialisation? (3)
NEEs opened their countries to global businesses- UK firms moved there UK has strict environmental laws more expensive in the uk (wages)
38
What are the positive impacts of globalisation on the UK economy?
economic growth cheaper goods high value production foreign investment
39
what are the negative impacts of globalisation on the UK economy?
less manufacturing- less factory jobs inequality outsources jobs-unemployment
40
How have government policies changed the economy?
originally want to support declining industries state owned industries were sold to private shareholders 2010+ wanted to focus of re-balancing the economy
41
How has IT changed the economy?
altered the type and location of jobs more flexible hours can interview over the phone
42
how has finance changed the UK economy?
employs of 2 million people
43
how have science parks created economic benefits?
investment from large companies provides local employment | more transport in cities
44
What is a post industrial economy?
where manufacturing industry declines replaced by the growth of the service sector
45
What is sustainable about jaguars future project?
reduces CO2 high efficiency engines create a hybrid
46
Why are Jaguar going to start using lightweight and recyclable materials?
lightweight shells increase fuel efficiency | recyclable cuts down exploitation of natural resources
47
how does the car industry create air pollution?
burning petrol and diesel= Co2 + nitrogen oxide
48
how does the car industry create industrial waste?
cars on scrap heaps | acid batteries leak into environment
49
how does the car industry exploit resources?
made from a range of resources steel rubber glass
50
how does industry contribute to energy use?
under a 1/3 consumed by industry
51
what are the positives of growth on Coggeshall (Essex)?
health + education services improve businesses thrive greater variety of social events
52
what are the negatives of growth on Coggeshall (Essex)?
new residents unaware of local culture so it dies out | rising house prices air pollution
53
what are the negatives of rural decline on Wheathampstead?
bank closed- just a cash point one mini market- expensive businesses closing down
54
How can growth be tackled?
increasing housing on brownfield sites increase greenbelts stricter planning rules
55
how can decline be tackled?
more transport links | invest money in area to attract people
56
Where is Nigeria located?
western coast of Africa
57
what is the global importance of Nigeria?
by 2050 one of top 20 largest economies 12th largest producer of oil 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping
58
what is the importance of Nigeria in Africa?
highest GDP in continent largest population largest farm output
59
What is the political context of Nigeria?
1960s many African countries gained independence development prevented by dictators now free and fair elections
60
what is the social context of Nigeria?
very diverse 1960s civil war one group tried to separate religious tension
61
what is the cultural context of Nigeria?
own music and cinema 'nollywood' | teams have won African cup of nations three times
62
how has employment changed since 1999 to 2012 in Nigeria?
Tertiary sector increase 10% secondary sector increase 20% primary sector decrease 30%
63
how has Nigeria's manufacturing sector helped boost economic development?
- regular paid workers secure income - goods are available for people to buy - attracts foreign companies
64
How many TNCs are operating in Nigeria?
40
65
How does Unilever benefit Nigeria?
- work with people from local markets | - promoted improvements in health,education and water supply
66
how does shell oil hinder Nigeria?
- toxic fumes pollute the air | - pollute drinking water
67
Why does Nigeria receive aid despite its development?
60% of the population live on less than 63p a day life expectancy is low limited access to health,education + clean water
68
Why is aid not always effective in Nigeria?
corrupt government | claims aid money is given to Navy
69
How does Nigeria benefit from aid?
mosquito nets help develop businesses UK government funded HIV programme in rural areas
70
what is emergency short term aid?
needed after sudden disasters
71
what is charitable aid?
funded by donations from public
72
what is long term development aid?
provides local communities with skills through organisations
73
what is multilateral aid?
given through international organisations
74
how has industrial growth effected Nigeria's environment?
- toxic waste in rivers - pollutants in drains - fumes-lung problems
75
how has urban growth effected Nigeria's environment?
- waste disposal- not a proper system - traffic congestion= pollution - forests destroyed for housing
76
how has mineral and oil extraction effected Nigeria's environment?
- soil erosion - oil spills-damage fresh water ecosystems - oil spills causes fires=release CO2
77
How has economic development effected quality of life?
safe water,higher life expectancy | poor effect on education and sanitation
78
what are the plans for developing roads in the UK?
smart motoways
79
how many vehicle do we have on UK roads?
35 million
80
how do smart motorways work?
hard shoulder is used for traffic at peak times change speed limit for traffic flow close lanes for emergency vehicles
81
what are the benefits of a smart motorway?
increased road capacity and cheaper then widening schemes
82
why do some people criticise smart motorways?
concerned about the safety of no hard shoulder | scammed by speed camera
83
what are the plans for developing the UK's trains?
HS2
84
what is HS2?
high speed rail to link London to the midlands
85
what are the benefits of HS2?
£40 billion into economy people don't have to live so close to where they work create more jobs throughout midlands
86
what are the problems with HS2?
costs £42 billion lead to more people accessing jobs in London will demolish thousands of homes
87
describe the UK port industry
employs 101,000 people | 60+ million passenger+domestic journeys per year
88
what are the plans for developing ports in the UK?
Liverpool 2
89
what is Liverpool 2?
expansion of the Liverpool port
90
what are the benefits of Liverpool 2?
increase trade in north reduce north-south divide north more access to trading routes
91
What is the importance of airports to the UK's economy?
750,000 international flights per year
92
what are the plans for developing Airports in the UK?
``` expand Heathrow (main option) second runway in Birmingham,Manchester or stansted ```
93
what are the advantages of expanding Heathrow?
220,000 more flights per year £200 billion into economy increase employees
94
what are the disadvantages of expanding Heathrow?
uk's largest CO2 emitter people live below flight path sipson destroyed-700 homes lost

Geography (6 decks)

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