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Section A- The Challenge Of Natural Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of natural hazard?

A

an extreme event that occurs naturally and causes harm to humans

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2
Q

name some natural hazards

A

heat waves
earthquake
hurricaines
heavy snow

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3
Q

how does geographical location affect hazard risk?

A

position of countries means more are at bigger risk than others
e.g phillipines is prone to natural hazards

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4
Q

how does population density and distribution affect hazard risk?

A

fewer people living in an area means lower death rate

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5
Q

how does time affect hazard risk?

A

if you are asleep less likely to hear a warning or know about it

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6
Q

how does natural factors affect hazard risk?

A

e.g low lying areas are more likely to flood

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7
Q

how does frequency affect hazard risk?

A

people will be more prepared if they are occur more often

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8
Q

how does magnitude affect hazard risk?

A

larger events have more potential for injury and death

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9
Q

how does education affect hazard risk?

A

don’t know how to deal with the hazard as well

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10
Q

how does wealth affect hazard risk?

A

richer countries more economically developed have better resources to predict prepare and protect

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11
Q

define plate tectonics

A

a theory in geology that the lithosphere of the earth is divided into plates which travel independently over the mantle
seismic activity occurs at the boundaries of these plates.

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12
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

when an oceanic and continental plate move together
oceanic plate moves under continental
ocean trenches found here + himalayas

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13
Q

what is a constructive plate margin?

A

plates move apart
volcanoes are formed
mid atlantic ridge

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14
Q

what happens at a conservative plate margin?

A

plates slide past each other
create an earthquake
e.g= The San Andreas Fault

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15
Q

what happens at a collision zone?

A

two continental plates collide

form fold mountains- himalayas

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16
Q

primary effects of Christchurch earthquake

A 
185 dead
2,000 injured 
water and sewage pipes damaged 
50% of city buildings severely damaged 
80% of the city without electricity
liqueafaction (ground saturated and loses strength)
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17
Q

secondary effects of Christchurch earthquake

A

Business out of action-loss of jobs+income
schools shared classrooms
mentally effected
road damage hard for services to move around
couldn’t host rugby

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18
Q

short term responses of Christchurch earthquake

A 
ensuring people were away from buildings
chemical toilets provided for 30,000
areas were zoned to classify cost repairs 
international aid $6.7 mill 
aid workers
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19
Q

Long term responses of Christchurch earthquake

A

$898 mill building claims
temporary housing- ensured all damaged houses were water tight
water and sewage restored
80% of roads and 50% of footpaths repaired

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20
Q

when was the Christchurch earthquake?

A

22nd Feb 2011

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21
Q

primary effects of Nepal earthquake

A

8,000 dead
14,500 injured
buildings collapsed
dharahara tower demolished

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22
Q

why do people still live in areas of hazard risk?

A 
volcanoes:
minrals 
attract tourists
fertile soil 
geothermal energy 
storms;(the coast)
good climate 
fishing
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23
Q

how can monitoring a natural hazard reduce its risk?

A

You can see how much prep you need to do and what action may have to be taken

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24
Q

How can predicting a natural hazard reduce its risk?

A

people are aware and can prepare

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25
how can preparing for a natural hazard reduce its risk?
move away from dangerous areas no injuries | collect valuables
26
how can protecting for a natural hazard reduce its risk?
double glazing foundation sunk into the ground so building doesn't fall over rubber shock absorbers to absorb earth tremors
27
what is global circulation?
The global circulation can be described as the world-wide system of winds by which the necessary transport of heat from tropical to polar latitudes is accomplished.
28
when does high pressure occur?
when air is sinking
29
when does low pressure occur?
when air is rising
30
describe the global distribution of tropical storms
uneven all located close to or around the equator typhoons and cyclones pacific and indian ocean hurricaines atlantic ocean
31
how do tropical storms form?
1) air draws water vapour from warm ocean surface 2) evap air cools as rises and condenses forming clouds 3) condensing air releases energy- powers storm and draws up water 4) small storms combine to form a big one 5) storm carried across ocean gaining strenght 6) slows down as hits land-friction
32
how does the formation of tropical storms explain their location?
they need warm water to develop. war, water is located near equator so makes sense countries around equator are affected
33
describe the structure of a tropical storm
``` outflow cirrus shield at top warm rising air one side cool falling air on the other rain bands eye wall- eye in middle symmetrical shape ```
34
how does climate change affect tropical storms
warmer water in more parts of world mean they happen in more places and more frequently strength of storm would increase
35
Primary effects to Typhoon Haiyan
``` 6500 killed 90% Tacloban was destroyed 600,000 displaced 40,000 homes destroyed 30,000 fishing boats destroyed power lines bought down ```
36
secondary effects of typhoon haiyan
``` 14 mill affected 6 mill lost source of income flooding caused landslides no electricity over a month jobs lost shortages of food,water,shelter ```
37
immediate responses to typhoon haiyan
aid agencies gave food,water, temporary shelter us aircraft took part in search mission uk government sent shelter kit
38
long term responses to typhoon haiyan
oxfam supported the replacement of fishing boats people paid to help clear debris from tacloban and rebuild it
39
what weather hazards are expeirenced in the uk?
``` thunderstorms heavy snow fall strong winds prolonged rainfall drought ```
40
give an example of a recent extreme weather hazard in the uk
britains blizzard 2011
41
what is the observational evidence for climate change?
weather records indirectly show different conditions from past date back to 1861
42
what is the physical evidence for climate change
ice cores drill into masses of ice to extract cores- size of them sea level change
43
what is the biological evidence for climate change?
tree rings when tree grow they form a new ring rings indicate age and climate thicker the ring warmer and wetter conditions
44
how is orbital change a physical cause of climate change?
when earth orbits sun distance between varies | when earth closer to sun climate becomes warmer
45
how is solar output a physical cause of climate change?
suns output is not constant | sun spot activity varies resulting in cooler periods and warmer periods
46
how is volcanic activity a physical cause of climate change?
long period of volcanic activity results in global cooling due to dust particles and gases being released
47
how are fossil fuels a human cause of climate change
produces 21.3 billion tonnes of CO2 a year atmospheric concentration gone up by 13% car exhausts release a range of pollutants as well as greenhouse gases
48
how is agriculture a human cause of climate change?
artificial fertilisers generate greenhouse gases | rice paddy fields release large amounts of methane
49
how is deforestation a human cause of climate change?
forest vegetation contains trapped greenhosue gas forests up to 100x more effective at absorbing CO2 forests are burnt releasing trapped gas
50
economic effects of climate change
lower crop yeilds | damage to infrastructure
51
social effects of climate change
heat-related illness and disease
52
environmental impacts of climate change
wildlife at risk as ecosystems change | rising sea levels
53
what is carbon capture?
capturing and burning CO2 to avoid it entering atmosphere
54
how does carbon capture reduce climate changes
the CO2 captured gets pumped into rocks underground how not very effective
55
what are the types of alternative energy?
nuckear power tidal power hydro electric solar
56
how does alternative energy help reduce climate change?
releases no CO2 during energy production
57
What is Afforestation?
planting trees
58
how does afforestation reduce climate change?
absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and store it within their organic matter
59
how do international agreements reduce climate change?
get strict emission targets
60
when was the Nepal earthquake?
25th April 2015
61
secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake
``` 2.8 mill homeless landslides 1.1 mill children deprived of a childhood lack of sanitation no education or transport ```
62
short term responses to Nepal earthquake
90% Napalese army sent out 15,000 temporary learning centres built international aid agencies evacuating critically injured
63
long term responses to Nepal earthquake
unicef distibuted tents and purification tablets building codes implemented katmandu earthquake risk management set up to educate people
64
what caused the blizzard in the uk in 2011?
southerly jet stream- cold air came fro, russia and sweden in late november
65
give some details about Britians Blizzard
started on 25th of november easterly winds bring snow ne england + scotland up to 50cm snow quietened down early december picked back up again late december. more heavy snow
66
In Britains blizzard which area was most badly effected
edingburgh 35cm
67
what were the social effects of britains blizzard
``` lack of drinking water schools shut injuries airports closed most time spent cleaning roads ```
68
what were the economic effects of britains blizzard?
``` businesses no water traffic stand still emergency service deal wi injuries trains stopped cant get to work loss of money need extra siupplies ```
69
what were the environmental impacts of britains blizzaed?
grit effected roads pollution-stand still cars shortage food for animals plants/trees destroyed
70
what was the response of the locals to britains blizzard?
cleared snow an grit the roads
71
what was the response of farmers and builders to britains blizzard?
diggers and tractors cleared roads

Geography (6 decks)

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